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What must be constituted in every State regarding Panchayats? | Panchayats shall be constituted in every State at the village, intermediate, and district levels according to this Part. |
Under what condition may Panchayats at the intermediate level not be constituted? | They may not be constituted in a State having a population that exceeds twenty lakhs. |
What can the Legislature of a State do regarding the composition of Panchayats? | The Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the composition of Panchayats. |
How must all seats in a Panchayat be filled? | All seats in a Panchayat shall be filled by persons chosen by direct election from territorial constituencies within the Panchayat area. |
What is required regarding reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in Panchayats? | Seats must be reserved for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, with the proportion being nearly the same as their population bears to the total population of that area. |
What is the duration of every Panchayat unless it is sooner dissolved? | Every Panchayat shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer. |
Who is responsible for the superintendence, direction, and control of all elections to the Panchayats? | This superintendence, direction, and control shall be vested in a State Election Commission consisting of a State Election Commissioner appointed by the Governor. |
What must the Governor of a State do when requested by the State Election Commission? | The Governor shall make available to the State Election Commission such staff as may be necessary for the discharge of its functions. |
What can the Legislature of a State do regarding elections to the Panchayats? | By law, the Legislature of a State may make provision with respect to all matters relating to or in connection with elections to the Panchayats. |
How are references to the Governor of a State handled when applying this Part to Union territories? | References to the Governor of a State are treated as references to the Administrator of the Union territory appointed under article 239. |
What is one area to which nothing in this Part shall apply, according to Article 243M? | Nothing in this Part shall apply to the Scheduled Areas referred to in clause (1) or the tribal areas referred to in clause (2) of article 244. |
What must be done if a State's Legislative Assembly passes a resolution regarding the extension of this part? | The Legislature of a State may, by law, extend this part to that State if its Legislative Assembly passes a resolution with a specified majority. |
What must continue in force for Panchayats existing immediately before the commencement of the Seventy-third Amendment Act, 1992? | Such Panchayats shall continue to be in force until amended or repealed by a competent Legislature or other competent authority or until the expiration of one year from such commencement. |
What is a 'Metropolitan area' defined as in this Part? | A Metropolitan area means an area with a population of ten lakhs or more, comprising one or more districts and consisting of two or more Municipalities or Panchayats or other contiguous areas specified by the Governor. |
What are the three types of municipalities that shall be constituted in every State? | A Nagar Panchayat for a transitional area, a Municipal Council for a smaller urban area, and a Municipal Corporation for a larger urban area must be constituted. |
What is one way the Legislature of a State may provide for representation in a Municipality? | The Legislature may provide for the representation of persons having special knowledge or experience in Municipal administration, or members of specific legislative bodies. |
How long shall every Municipality continue unless sooner dissolved under any law? | Every Municipality shall continue for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting and no longer. |
What must the Governor cause to be laid before the Legislature of the State regarding recommendations from the Finance Commission? | The Governor shall cause every recommendation made by the Commission, along with an explanatory memorandum on the action taken thereon, to be laid before the Legislature of the State. |
What power does a State Legislature have concerning the accounts and auditing of Municipalities? | A State Legislature may make provisions regarding the maintenance of accounts by the Municipalities and the auditing of such accounts. |
Where is the superintendence, direction, and control of electoral rolls for Municipalities vested? | This superintendence is vested in the State Election Commission referred to in article 243K. |
What must be done if a provision of this Part applies to a Union territory? | The provisions shall have effect as if references to the Governor of a State are references to the Administrator of the Union territory appointed under article 239. |
What is one thing that District Planning Committees must have regard in preparing a draft development plan? | They must have regard to matters of common interest between the Panchayats and the Municipalities, such as spatial planning and sharing of resources. |
Who receives the development plan prepared by a Metropolitan Planning Committee? | The Chairperson of every Metropolitan Planning Committee shall forward the development plan to the Government of the State. |
What is the consequence if any law relating to delimitation of constituencies under article 243ZA is challenged in court? | The validity of such a law shall not be called in question in any court. |
Under what condition can Parliament make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India? | Parliament may make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India, subject to the provisions of this Constitution. |
What power does Parliament have regarding matters not enumerated in the Concurrent List or State List? | Parliament has exclusive power to make any law with respect to any matter not enumerated in the Concurrent List or State List. |
What is the role of the Council of States concerning the necessity for Parliament to legislate on a State List matter? | The Council of States must declare by resolution, supported by at least two-thirds of members present and voting, that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest. |
What can Parliament do regarding matters in the State List if a Proclamation of Emergency is active? | Parliament has the power to make laws for the whole or any part of the territory of India concerning any matter enumerated in the State List. |
How long must a resolution passed under clause (1) remain in force if it relates to matters where Parliament can legislate? | A resolution passed under clause (1) shall remain in force for a period not exceeding one year as specified therein. |
What happens to a law made by Parliament that was only necessary due to a resolution under clause (1)? | It ceases to have effect to the extent of the incompetency after six months following the cessation of the resolution, unless concerning things done or omitted before that period. |
What is the consequence if a State's law is repugnant to a law made by Parliament under articles 249 or 250? | The law made by Parliament shall prevail, and the State's law will be inoperative to the extent of the repugnancy as long as the Parliamentary law remains effective. |
Under what conditions can Parliament pass an Act for a matter that is normally outside its power but concerns two or more States? | This requires resolutions to such effect being passed by all the Houses of the Legislatures of those states. |
What must be done regarding any Act passed by Parliament under articles 249 and 250 concerning a State's law? | The Parliamentary act may not be amended or repealed by an Act of the Legislature of that specific state. |
What power does Parliament have regarding international agreements, treaties, or conventions? | Parliament has the power to make any law for the whole or any part of India to implement such agreements or decisions. |
Inconsistency between a State's Concurrent List law and a Parliamentary law can result in what regarding the State's law? | The State's law shall be void to the extent of the repugnancy, provided it is inconsistent with a Parliamentary or existing law on that matter. |
What must be given throughout the territory of India concerning public acts, records, and judicial proceedings? | Full faith and credit shall be given to the public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of the Union and every State. |
Who can establish a Council to advise on disputes or investigate common interests between States if the President deems it necessary? | The President may, by order, establish such a Council after determining that public interests would be served by its duties. |
What is the Consolidated Fund of India formed from? | It is formed from all moneys received by that Government in repayment of loans, ways and means advances, and all revenues received by the Government. |
What does the Consolidated Fund of the State consist of? | It consists of all revenues received by the Government of a State, along with moneys from repayments of loans, loans raised by the state, or ways and means advances. |
Under what conditions can money from the Consolidated Fund of India be appropriated? | It can only be appropriated in accordance with law and for the purposes and manner provided in the Constitution. |
What is established by Parliament to meet unforeseen expenditure pending authorization? | Parliament may establish a Contingency Fund of India, which is an imprest placed at the disposal of the President. |
Who has the power to make advances from the Contingency Fund of India? | The President can make advances from the Contingency Fund of India. |
What must a State's Legislature establish for unforeseen expenditure pending authorization? | It must establish a Contingency Fund of the State, which is an imprest placed at the disposal of the Governor. |
When are stamp duties and excise on medicinal and toilet preparations levied by the Government of India collected by the States? | They are collected by the States in cases where such duties are leviable within any State, but not within a Union territory. |
What is assigned to the States from taxes on the sale or purchase of goods and consignment of goods? | These taxes, levied and collected by the Government of India, shall be assigned to the States on or after April 1, 1996. |
What is a surcharge on duties or taxes referred to in articles 268 and 269? | Parliament may increase any of those duties or taxes by a surcharge for the purposes of the Union, and all proceeds of such a surcharge form part of the Consolidated Fund of India. |
What is required before introducing a Bill that imposes tax in which States are interested? | Such a bill must be introduced or moved in either House of Parliament only on the recommendation of the President. |
What must be done if taxes or duties mentioned in the Union List are to continue being levied? | They must continue to be levied and applied to the same purposes until Parliament makes provision to the contrary by law. |
What does 'net proceeds' mean in relation to any tax or duty? | It means the proceeds of that tax or duty reduced by the cost of collection. |
Who must ascertain and certify the net proceeds of a tax or duty? | The Comptroller and Auditor-General of India must do so, and their certificate is final. |
What can a law made by Parliament or an order of the President provide for regarding assigned tax proceeds? | It can provide for how the proceeds are to be calculated, payment methods, adjustments between financial years, and other incidental matters. |
When must the President constitute a Finance Commission? | The President must do so within two years from the commencement of this Constitution and subsequently at the expiration of every fifth year or sooner as deemed necessary. |
What is one duty of the Finance Commission regarding taxes? | It must make recommendations on the distribution between the Union and the States of net proceeds of taxes that are to be divided. |
What must the President do with every recommendation made by the Finance Commission? | The President must cause it, along with an explanatory memorandum regarding action taken, to be laid before each House of Parliament. |
What is a restriction on State laws concerning the sale or purchase of goods outside the State? | A State law shall not impose a tax on such a sale or purchase. |
What must be done regarding the custody of the Consolidated Fund of India and the Contingency Fund of India? | These matters must be regulated by law made by Parliament, and until so provided, by rules made by the President. |
How is the property and income of a State treated regarding Union taxation? | The property and income of a State are exempt from Union taxation, save where Parliament may otherwise provide. |
Under what conditions can India borrow within its territory? | India may borrow upon the security of the Consolidated Fund of the State or by giving guarantees within specified limits. |
What must be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India for loans made by the Government of India to a State? | Any sums required for making such loans shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India, provided limits under article 292 are not exceeded. |
When may a State not raise a loan without consent from the Government of India? | A State may not raise a loan if there is outstanding a part of a loan made by or a guarantee given by the Government of India to that State. |
What must be expressed in all contracts made in the exercise of the executive power of the Union? | All such contracts must be expressed to be made by the President, or by the Governor of the State as directed. |
Who is not personally liable regarding a contract made for the purposes of this Constitution? | Neither the President nor the Governor shall be personally liable in respect of any such contract or assurance. |
What must all lands and minerals underlying the ocean within India's territorial waters vest in? | All such things shall vest in the Union and be held for the purposes of the Union. |
Who shall be sued by the name of a State regarding its affairs? | A State may sue or be sued by the name of the State, subject to any provisions made by Act of Parliament or the Legislature of that State. |
What is the general principle regarding trade, commerce, and intercourse throughout the territory of India? | Trade, commerce, and intercourse throughout the territory of India shall be free, subject to other provisions of this Part. |
What can Parliament do regarding restrictions on trade between states or within India? | Parliament may by law impose such restrictions as may be required in the public interest. |
Who holds office during the pleasure of the Governor for a civil service member of a State? | Every person who is a member of a civil service of a State or holds any civil post under a State holds office during the pleasure of the Governor of that State. |
What can be provided for if a contract under which a person is appointed to a post is abolished or the person is required to vacate the post without misconduct? | The President or Governor may provide compensation to the person. |
Who must dismiss or remove a civil service member of the Union or a State? | A subordinate authority to that by which the person was appointed cannot do this. |
What is required before a civil service member can be dismissed, removed, or reduced in rank? | They must undergo an inquiry where they are informed of charges and given a reasonable opportunity to be heard. |
Under what circumstances may the penalty imposed on a person during an inquiry not require a representation opportunity? | The penalty can be based on evidence adduced during the inquiry. |
What are two grounds under which this clause (requiring inquiry) does not apply? | When dismissal is due to conviction in a criminal charge, or when it is not reasonably practicable to hold an inquiry for other reasons. |
What must the Council of States declare before Parliament can create all-India services? | The Council of States must declare by resolution supported by at least two-thirds of members present and voting that it is necessary or expedient in the national interest. |
Who appoints the Chairman and other members of a Public Service Commission for the Union or a Joint Commission? | The President appoints them. |
What is the term of office for a member of a Public Service Commission? | A member holds office for six years from their entry date or until they reach sixty-five years (for Union) or sixty-two years (for State/Joint), whichever is earlier. |
Who removes a Chairman or member of a Public Service Commission on the ground of misbehaviour? | The President removes them after the Supreme Court reports that they ought to be removed. |
What is one reason the President may remove a member of a Public Service Commission, besides misbehaviour? | If the member is adjudged insolvent or engages in paid employment outside their duties. |
What is the consequence if a Commission member is interested in a contract made by the Government? | If a Chairman or any other member of a Public Service Commission is concerned or interested in a government contract, they shall be deemed guilty of misbehaviour. |
Who determines the number of members and their service conditions for a Union Commission? | The President may determine the number of members and their conditions of service for the Union Commission. |
What is the condition regarding the service conditions of a Public Service Commission member after appointment? | The conditions of service of a member of a Public Service Commission shall not be varied to his disadvantage after his appointment. |
What employment is the Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission ineligible for after ceasing office? | The Chairman of the Union Public Service Commission shall be ineligible for further employment under the Government of India or under the Government of a State. |
Who must be consulted on matters relating to recruitment methods for civil services? | The Union or State Public Service Commissions must be consulted on all matters relating to methods of recruitment to civil services and for civil posts. |
What is one duty of the Union and State Public Service Commissions regarding appointments? | It is their duty to conduct examinations for appointments to the services of the Union and the services of the State respectively. |
What must the Union Commission present annually to the President? | The Union Commission must present an annual report to the President regarding the work done by the Commission. |
What can Parliament provide for under Article 323A? | Parliament may provide for the adjudication or trial by administrative tribunals of disputes and complaints concerning recruitment and service conditions in public services. |
What is one matter that an appropriate Legislature may provide for adjudication under Article 323B? | An appropriate Legislature may provide for the adjudication of matters such as levy, assessment, collection, and enforcement of any tax. |
Where must the expenses of a Public Service Commission be charged? | The expenses of the Union or State Public Service Commission shall be charged on the Consolidated Fund of India or the Consolidated Fund of the State, respectively. |
What is vested in a Commission regarding elections to Parliament and State Legislatures? | The superintendence, direction, and control of the preparation of electoral rolls and the conduct of all such elections are vested in an Election Commission. |
Who appoints the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners? | The President makes the appointment of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners, subject to any law made by Parliament. |
When are Regional Commissioners appointed? | The President may appoint Regional Commissioners after consultation with the Election Commission before certain general elections. |
What is a condition of service for the Chief Election Commissioner's removal? | The Chief Election Commissioner cannot be removed except in the same manner and on the same grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court. |
How must the President or Governor assist the Election Commission when requested? | They must make available any necessary staff to the Election Commission or a Regional Commissioner for discharging their functions. |
What grounds are prohibited for ineligibility for inclusion in an electoral roll? | No person shall be ineligible based on religion, race, caste, sex, or any combination thereof. |
On what basis are elections to the House of the People and State Legislative Assembly held? | They are held on the basis of adult suffrage. |
What power does Parliament have regarding elections to either House of Parliament or a State Legislature? | Parliament may make provisions concerning all matters related to these elections, including delimitation of constituencies and electoral rolls. |
What is the bar against courts interference in electoral matters according to Article 329(a)? | The validity of any law regarding the delimitation of constituencies or seat allotment under Articles 327 or 328 cannot be called into question in any court. |
What is the maximum number of members from the Anglo-Indian community that the President may nominate to the House of the People? | The President may nominate not more than two members of the Anglo-Indian community to the House of the People. |
What is the purpose of Article 335? | Article 335 states that the claims of members of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes must be considered when making appointments to services and posts. |
What can be done for relaxation in qualifying marks or reservation in promotion, according to Article 335? | Nothing in Article 335 prevents provisions for relaxation in qualifying marks or lowering standards of evaluation for Scheduled Castes and Tribes. |
What was the initial provision regarding appointments for the Anglo-Indian community in railway, customs, postal, and telegraph services? | During the first two years after the Constitution's commencement, appointments for the Anglo-Indian community were made on the same basis as before August 15, 1947. |
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