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values | region stringlengths 5 67 | confidence_score float64 0.6 0.95 | status stringclasses 1
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25 | Andean Civilization Trunk | en | SUCCESSION | Andes / South America | 0.75 | confirmed | 5 | Major Andean civilizations succession: Tiwanaku (c. 500-1000 CE) and Wari (c. 500-1000 CE) were contemporaneous 'horizon' states whose collapse led to regional fragmentation; Chimor (Chimu Kingdom, c. 900-1470) dominated the northern coast until Inca conquest; Tawantinsuyu (Inca Empire, c. 1438-1533) unified the Andes ... | The 'succession' framing oversimplifies: Tiwanaku and Wari were parallel polities with different organizational principles (Tiwanaku: trade/colonization; Wari: military/administrative). The Inca conquest of Chimor (c. 1470) involved deliberate destruction of Chimu administrative capacity. The Spanish conquest (1532-72)... | [
{
"citation": "Kolata, A. 'The Tiwanaku: Portrait of an Andean Civilization' (1993)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Moseley, M. 'The Incas and Their Ancestors' (2001)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Hemming, J. 'The Conquest o... | [
{
"id": 106,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Tiwanaku, centered at Lake Titicaca (modern Bolivia), was one of the two great 'Middle Horizon' states. It exerted influence through trade networks, colonies, and religiou... |
97 | Arakan succession: Dhaññavati → Vesālī → Lemro → Mrauk U (c. 580 BCE – 1785 CE) | en | SUCCESSION | Arakan / Rakhine / Western Myanmar | 0.65 | confirmed | 5 | The successive kingdoms of the Arakan coastal strip (now Rakhine State, Myanmar), representing over 2000 years of continuous polity in a region geographically separated from the Irrawaddy Valley by mountains — extended in v6.99.110 to the Mrauk U kingdom (1430-1785) and its violent end in the Konbaung conquest. The Ara... | Arakanese historical chronology is disputed: early dates for Dhaññavati come primarily from the Arakanese chronicle 'Rājāvaṃsadīpanī' (18th century), which projects the kingdom back to mythological origins. Modern scholarship places the historically attested beginning at c. 370 CE (Vesālī period). The later Lemro perio... | [
{
"citation": "Phayre, A. P. 'History of Burma' (Trübner & Co., 1883)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Gutman, P. 'Burma's Lost Kingdoms: Splendours of Arakan' (Orchid Press, 2001)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Charney, M. W.... | [
{
"id": 335,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
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"description": "Dhaññavati ('Blessed Land'), earliest attested Arakan kingdom according to the Arakanese chronicles. Located in the Kaladan River valley. The chronology is largely legenda... |
90 | Armenian state continuity: Մեծ Հայք → modern Armenia | en | SUCCESSION | South Caucasus / Armenia | 0.85 | confirmed | 1 | Armenian state-formation: from the ancient Kingdom of Greater Armenia (Mets Hayk, -321 to 428), through centuries of suzerainty under Parthia, Rome/Byzantium, and the Seljuks, the medieval Bagratid Kingdom, Cilician Armenia, Ottoman-Persian partition, and modern Armenian Republic (1918-1920 independence, 1991 from USSR... | Armenia is traditionally credited as the first state to adopt Christianity (301 CE under King Tiridates III). The 1915-1923 Armenian Genocide (1-1.5 million deaths) by the Ottoman Empire remains contested by modern Turkey — Armenian recognition campaigns continue globally. The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988-present) r... | [
{
"citation": "Hovannisian, R. G. (ed.) 'The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times' (1997, 2 vols)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
}
] | [
{
"id": 325,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Kingdom of Greater Armenia (321 BCE - 428 CE), founded by Artaxias I under Artashesian dynasty, peaked under Tigranes the Great (r. 95-55 BCE). Became the first state to o... |
80 | Asante Empire → modern Ghana | en | SUCCESSION | West Africa / Asante (modern Ghana) | 0.9 | confirmed | 2 | The Asante (Ashanti) Empire (1670-1957) centered on Kumasi, unified by Osei Tutu I under the Sika Dwa Kofi (Golden Stool) mythology. Controlled the gold and kola trade; fought multiple Anglo-Asante wars (1823-1900). Formally abolished 1900 after British conquest; reconstituted as a traditional authority within independ... | Asante, like other West African states, was deeply involved in the Atlantic slave trade as a supplier (raiding Akyem, Denkyira, and northern territories). After abolition (1807 British), Asante pivoted to 'legitimate commerce' (gold, kola, palm oil). The wars of conquest (1824, 1874, 1896, 1900) involved British siege,... | [
{
"citation": "Wilks, I. 'Asante in the Nineteenth Century' (1975)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "McCaskie, T. C. 'State and Society in Pre-Colonial Asante' (1995)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
}
] | [
{
"id": 289,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Denkyira (c. 1620-1701), the dominant Akan power that Asante displaced. Osei Tutu and Okomfo Anokye unified the subordinate Akan states against Denkyira at the Battle of F... |
43 | Austrian trunk: Erzherzogtum Oesterreich → Oesterreich-Ungarn → Republic of Austria | en | SUCCESSION | Central Europe / Austria | 0.9 | confirmed | 2 | Austrian state-formation: from the Archduchy (1282) through Habsburg expansion, the Austrian Empire (1804), the Austro-Hungarian compromise (1867), collapse in WWI, short-lived First Republic, Anschluss (1938), Nazi Germany, and Second Republic (1945). Habsburg monarchs ruled continuously 1282-1918 — one of Europe's lo... | The 1938 Anschluss is sometimes framed by Austrian narratives as 'occupation' (Opferthese — victim thesis), downplaying enthusiastic Austrian participation in Nazi crimes. Modern Austrian historiography since the 1986 Waldheim affair has increasingly confronted this. | [
{
"citation": "Kann, R. A. 'A History of the Habsburg Empire 1526-1918' (1974)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Judson, P. M. 'The Habsburg Empire: A New History' (2016)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
}
] | [
{
"id": 171,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Archduchy of Austria, granted to Rudolf IV (r. 1358-1365) and formalized by Frederick III (1453). Seat of the Habsburg dynasty from 1282 (Rudolf I's victory over Ottokar I... |
45 | Brandenburg-Prussia-Germany trunk: Mark Brandenburg → Koenigreich Preussen → Weimarer Republik | en | SUCCESSION | Central Europe / Germany | 0.9 | confirmed | 3 | The state-building trunk of modern Germany through the Hohenzollern line: Brandenburg march (1157), elevation to Duchy of Prussia (1525) and Kingdom of Prussia (1701), unification of Germany under Prussia (1871), WWI collapse, Weimar Republic (1919-1933). This is the 'Prussian path' — parallel to the Austrian-led Holy ... | The 'Prussian path' to German unification was led by Bismarck's realpolitik — three short wars (Denmark 1864, Austria 1866, France 1870-71). The French narrative of Prussian militarism and the British/French 'Germany must be contained' framing shaped two world wars. The division of Germany 1945-1990 and the GDR-FRG spl... | [
{
"citation": "Clark, C. 'Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia 1600-1947' (2006)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Kershaw, I. 'To Hell and Back: Europe 1914-1949' (2015)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
}
] | [
{
"id": 175,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Margraviate of Brandenburg, founded 1157 by Albert the Bear. Became Electorate in the 14th century, held by Hohenzollern from 1415. Personal union with Duchy of Prussia 16... |
109 | Brazilian state trunk: Brasil Colônia → Império do Brasil | en | COLONIAL | South America / Brazil | 0.85 | confirmed | 2 | Brazilian state-formation: from the Portuguese colony (Brasil Colônia, 1500-1822), through the independent Empire of Brazil (1822-1889) under the Braganza dynasty, to the republican coup of 1889. The only durable monarchy in independent Latin America. | Brazil was the single largest destination of the transatlantic slave trade — roughly 5 million enslaved Africans were forcibly transported there, more than to any other country — and it was the LAST state in the Americas to abolish slavery (Lei Áurea, 13 May 1888). Both the colony and the Empire rested economically on ... | [
{
"citation": "Fausto, B. 'A Concise History of Brazil' (Cambridge University Press, 1999)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Schwarcz, L. M. & Starling, H. M. 'Brazil: A Biography' (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2018)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
... | [
{
"id": 378,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Portuguese colony from Pedro Álvares Cabral's landfall (1500). Economy built on Atlantic-facing plantation slavery — brazilwood, then sugar (Northeast), then gold and diam... |
33 | Bulgarian state trunk: Първо Българско царство → Vtoro Balgarsko Tsarstvo → Ottoman → Bulgaria | en | SUCCESSION | Balkans / Bulgaria | 0.85 | confirmed | 3 | Bulgarian state-formation: from the First Bulgarian Empire (681-1018, founded by Khan Asparuh), through Byzantine reconquest (1018-1185), Second Bulgarian Empire (1185-1396), Ottoman rule (~500 years), and the modern Bulgarian state from 1878. The chain shows two distinct 'imperial' periods followed by a long gap under... | The Bulgarian 'Yoke' (1396-1878) narrative is politically loaded: Ottoman rule was oppressive in periods (especially the 19th century decline) but Bulgarian identity persisted through the Orthodox Church. The Second Bulgarian Empire's fall at Velbazhd (1330) and Nicopolis (1396) are often nationalist anchors, but the O... | [
{
"citation": "Crampton, R. J. 'A Concise History of Bulgaria' (2005)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Fine, J. V. A. 'The Early Medieval Balkans' (1983) and 'The Late Medieval Balkans' (1987)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
}
] | [
{
"id": 132,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "First Bulgarian Empire (681-1018), founded by Khan Asparuh after the Byzantine-Bulgar Treaty of 681. Christianized under Boris I (864); developed the Cyrillic script under... |
126 | Cambodian state: អាណាចក្រខ្មែរ → កម្ពុជា (Longvek-Oudong) → Indochine française → Kingdom of Cambodia | en | SUCCESSION | Southeast Asia / lower Mekong (Cambodia) | 0.8 | confirmed | 4 | The modern Cambodian state's emergence from French colonial rule: the French protectorate of Cambodia (from 11 August 1863) within French Indochina (from 1887), to the independent Kingdom of Cambodia (9 November 1953). | DELIBERATELY SHORT CHAIN (see ETHICS-017 §4): the Khmer lineage behind modern Cambodia runs Funan → Chenla → Khmer Empire (see the existing Thai/Khmer trunk chain) and then through the post-Angkor Kingdom of Cambodia (Longvek/Oudong, 1431-1863, squeezed between Siamese and Vietnamese suzerainty) — but that post-Angkor ... | [
{
"citation": "Chandler, D. 'A History of Cambodia' (4th ed., Westview Press, 2008)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Osborne, M. 'The French Presence in Cochinchina and Cambodia: Rule and Response (1859-1905)' (Cornell University Press, 1969)",
"url": null,
"sou... | [
{
"id": 438,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "The Khmer Empire (802-1431), the Angkorian state whose capital Yasodharapura was the region's hegemon for six centuries.",
"ethical_notes": "Also heads the Thai/Khmer ... |
39 | Central Maghreb trunk: Regnum Mauretaniae → Numidia → dynasties → Algeria/Tunisia | en | SUCCESSION | North Africa / Central Maghreb (Algeria / Tunisia) | 0.8 | confirmed | 5 | Indigenous Berber polities of the central Maghreb: Numidia and Mauretania, absorbed into Rome, then Vandal, Byzantine, and Islamic rule. Under Islamic rule, the Aghlabids (Ifriqiya), Zirids, Hammadids, Hafsids, and Zayyanids produced distinct North African polities. The region fell under Ottoman regency from 1574 and F... | This chain represents political succession, not ethnic continuity. The indigenous Amazigh (Berber) population persisted through all rulers but is rarely the subject of state histories. The French colonial period (Algeria 1830-1962) involved settler colonialism and a brutal war of liberation (1954-1962) with an estimate... | [
{
"citation": "Abun-Nasr, J. M. 'A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period' (1987)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Cherry, D. 'Frontier and Society in Roman North Africa' (1998)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
}
] | [
{
"id": 161,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Numidian kingdom, confederation of Amazigh tribes in modern Algeria. Peak under Masinissa (r. 202-148 BCE) as a Roman ally against Carthage. Juba II (r. 25 BCE - 23 CE) ru... |
92 | Cherokee continuity: Tsalagi → Indian Territory diaspora | en | SUCCESSION | Southeastern North America / Cherokee Nation | 0.9 | confirmed | 1 | The Tsalagi (Cherokee) people, confederated from c. 1000 CE, developed a syllabary (Sequoyah, 1821), adopted a written constitution (1827), and established the Cherokee Nation under Principal Chief John Ross. Survived the 1838-1839 Trail of Tears forced removal (~4,000 deaths) to Indian Territory (Oklahoma). Today the ... | ETHICS: the Cherokee removal is one of the best-documented cases of ethnic cleansing in US history — John Marshall's Supreme Court rulings (Worcester v. Georgia, 1832) found for the Cherokee, but Andrew Jackson's administration defied the Court. An estimated 4,000 of 16,000 Cherokee died on the Trail of Tears (1838-39)... | [
{
"citation": "McLoughlin, W. G. 'Cherokee Renascence in the New Republic' (1986)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Perdue, T. & Green, M. 'The Cherokee Nation and the Trail of Tears' (2007)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
}
] | [
{
"id": 327,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Tsalagi (Cherokee) confederation, formed c. 1000 CE in the southern Appalachian Mountains (modern Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia). Adopted European governance forms in... |
12 | Chinese dynastic trunk: Shang → PRC (12 links, 1600 BCE – present) | en | DYNASTY | East Asia / China proper | 0.88 | confirmed | 12 | Twelve-link dynastic trunk of Chinese imperial and post-imperial state forms, from the late Bronze Age Shang at Anyang (traditional dates c. 1600-1046 BCE, archaeologically attested from c. 1250 BCE Anyang phase) through the Zhou, the short brutal Qin unification, the Han consolidation, the Sui reunification after near... | Six structural points of care. (a) The chain is a 'trunk' — it deliberately omits dozens of simultaneous states (Three Kingdoms: Wei/Shu/Wu 220-280; Sixteen Kingdoms; Northern & Southern Dynasties 420-589; Liao 907-1125, Jin 1115-1234, Western Xia 1038-1227 during Song; Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907-960) whose ru... | [
{
"citation": "Twitchett, D., Fairbank, J.K. (gen. eds.) (1978-2020). The Cambridge History of China, 15 volumes. Cambridge UP.",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Spence, J.D. (1990). The Search for Modern China. Norton.",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
... | [
{
"id": 41,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Shang dynasty — the earliest Chinese state directly attested by contemporary written sources (oracle-bone inscriptions from Yinxu, the late Shang capital at modern Anyang).... |
2 | Chinese Imperial Dynasties | en | DYNASTY | East Asia | 0.9 | confirmed | 6 | Major dynasties of imperial China (Han → Tang → Song → Yuan → Ming → Qing), with explicit transition_type per change. Sui (581-618) and intermediate dynasties omitted because not yet seeded; this is a highlighted trunk, not a complete dynastic tree. | The traditional dynastic-cycle framework (heaven's mandate / 天命) is itself a piece of Chinese political theology. Transitions classified as REFORM or REVOLUTION here use modern historiographic categories; contemporaries would have framed the same events through 天命. | [
{
"citation": "Cambridge History of China vols. 1-15",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
}
] | [
{
"id": 3,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": null,
"ethical_notes": null,
"entity_id": 104,
"entity_name": "漢朝",
"entity_lang": "zh",
"entity_type": "empire",
"entity_year_start": -206,
"enti... |
44 | Czech/Bohemian trunk: Kralovstvi ceske → Československo → Česko | en | SUCCESSION | Central Europe / Bohemia-Czechia | 0.9 | confirmed | 2 | Czech state-formation: the Kingdom of Bohemia (1198-1918) under Přemyslid, Luxembourg, Habsburg monarchs; Czechoslovakia (1918-1993); Czech Republic (1993-present). Hussite wars (1419-1434) and the Defenestration of Prague (1618) are pivotal moments. Under Habsburg rule (1526-1918), Bohemia was constitutionally a disti... | The 1945-1948 expulsion of Sudeten Germans (~3 million people) is sometimes omitted from heroic narratives of post-war Czech state-formation — this was one of the largest forced population transfers in European history. The 1968 Prague Spring and Soviet invasion, Velvet Revolution (1989), and Velvet Divorce (1993) shap... | [
{
"citation": "Agnew, H. L. 'The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown' (2004)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
}
] | [
{
"id": 173,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Kingdom of Bohemia, elevated to kingdom 1198 under Ottokar I. Peak under Charles IV (1346-1378), also Holy Roman Emperor, who founded Charles University (1348). Joined Hab... |
30 | Danish state continuity: Kongeriget Danmark (935-present) | en | SUCCESSION | Scandinavia / Denmark | 0.9 | confirmed | 2 | Denmark has one of the longest continuous monarchies in the world, with Harald Bluetooth's Jelling stones (~965) commemorating the Christianization of the Danes. The realm absorbed Norway (1380-1814) and ruled Norway-Sweden via the Kalmar Union (1397-1523). This chain tracks the Danish polity's continuity through the S... | The Slesvig/Schleswig question (1848-1864-1920) shaped modern Danish-German relations; Denmark lost 40% of its territory and population in the 1864 war. The Kalmar Union narrative is often Danish-centric; Sweden's 1523 exit was a rebellion, not a peaceful succession. Greenland and the Faroe Islands remain part of the D... | [
{
"citation": "Lauring, P. 'A History of the Kingdom of Denmark' (1960)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Jones, G. 'A History of the Vikings' (1968)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
}
] | [
{
"id": 123,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Kingdom of Denmark, traditionally founded by Gorm the Old around 935. Harald Bluetooth (c. 965) Christianized the Danes. The kingdom has existed continuously since, making... |
105 | Deccan dynastic trunk: Satavahana → Chalukya → Rashtrakuta → Western Chalukya → Vijayanagara | en | SUCCESSION | Deccan Plateau / South India | 0.75 | confirmed | 5 | The sequence of major Deccan empires from the Satavahana era through Vijayanagara. Each dynasty typically overthrew or emerged from the ruins of the previous Deccan power, maintaining regional continuity across two millennia. The Deccan was a zone of persistent state-formation connecting North and South India. | South and Deccan Indian history is systematically underrepresented in global historical curricula that focus on North India (Maurya, Gupta, Mughal). The Deccan sequence includes the Chalukya patronage of cave-temple art at Aihole, Badami, and Pattadakal — a UNESCO World Heritage tradition that predates and rivals the b... | [
{
"citation": "Yazdani, G. (ed.) 'The Early History of the Deccan' (1960)",
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Stein, B. 'Vijayanagara' (1989, The New Cambridge History of India)",
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. 'A History of South India' (4th... | [
{
"id": 359,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": 220,
"transition_type": "DISSOLUTION",
"is_violent": false,
"description": "The Satavahana empire fragmented c. 220 CE as regional lords (Ikshvakus, Abhiras, Chutas, Vakatakas) asserted independence. The Deccan entered a ~320-year interreg... |
95 | Diné (Navajo) continuity: Dine Bikeyah | en | SUCCESSION | Southwestern North America / Diné Bikéyah | 0.85 | confirmed | 1 | The Diné (Navajo) people, arrived in the Southwest from the subarctic between 1100-1500. The Long Walk (1863-68) — the forced relocation of 8,500 Diné to Bosque Redondo (Fort Sumner), where 2,500 died — is the foundational trauma. The 1868 Treaty established the current reservation. Today the Navajo Nation (~400,000 en... | The Long Walk (1863-68) was orchestrated by Kit Carson's scorched-earth campaign (1863-64). Of ~10,000 forcibly walked, ~2,500 died at Bosque Redondo before survivors were allowed to return (1868 Treaty). The Navajo language's use by WWII Code Talkers is well-known; less acknowledged is the uranium mining on Navajo lan... | [
{
"citation": "Iverson, P. 'Diné: A History of the Navajos' (2002)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
}
] | [
{
"id": 330,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Diné Bikéyah (Navajoland), the Diné homeland in the Four Corners region (Arizona, New Mexico, Utah, Colorado). Diné matrilineal clan-based society. Survived the Long Walk ... |
96 | Early Vietnamese independence: Nhà Ngô → Nhà Đinh → Nhà Tiền Lê → Nhà Hồ | en | DYNASTY | Vietnam / Red River Delta | 0.85 | confirmed | 4 | The first three independent Vietnamese dynasties after the end of Chinese (Tang) rule in 938 CE, preceding the main Đại Việt trunk, plus the brief Hồ interregnum (1400-1407) between Trần and Lê. These dynasties are often omitted from simplified Vietnamese chronologies but represent the foundational period of self-rule. | The distinction between these dynasties and the broader 'Đại Việt' identity is a subject of ongoing historiographic discussion. Vietnamese nationalist narratives sometimes project Đại Việt identity back to Nhà Ngô (939), while Chinese historiography emphasizes the continuity of Chinese cultural influence. The Hồ dynast... | [
{
"citation": "Taylor, K. W. 'A History of the Vietnamese' (Cambridge University Press, 2013)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Whitmore, J. K. 'Vietnam, Hồ Quý Ly, and the Ming' (Yale University Press, 1985)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
... | [
{
"id": 331,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Ngô Quyền defeated the Southern Han Chinese at the Battle of Bạch Đằng River (938), ending a millennium of Chinese rule and establishing the first independent Vietnamese s... |
16 | Eastern Roman (Byzantine) imperial continuity: Imperium Romanum → Βασιλεία Ῥωμαίων (27 BC–1453) | el | SUCCESSION | Mediterranean / Anatolia / Balkans | 0.92 | confirmed | 2 | Succession-continuity chain of the Roman Empire as a single juridical and cultural entity through its transition from a pan-Mediterranean polity with co-imperial administration (after the 395 Theodosian partition) to the Eastern-only Roman Empire headquartered at Constantinople after the 476 extinction of the Western i... | Four points of care. (a) The chain terminates juridically at 1453 but the Roman-imperial imaginary persisted for centuries afterward: the Ottoman sultans styled themselves 'Kayser-i Rûm' (Caesar of Rome) after the conquest — Mehmed II explicitly claimed the Roman imperial title, purchased relics of the apostle Andrew, ... | [
{
"citation": "Procopius of Caesarea (d. c. 565). De Bellis, De Aedificiis, Anekdota — primary for Justinianic era.",
"url": null,
"source_type": "primary"
},
{
"citation": "Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos (d. 959). De Administrando Imperio — primary for 10th-century diplomacy and legitimising ... | [
{
"id": 69,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "The Roman Empire from Augustus (27 BC) through the Theodosian partition of January 395, when on Theodosius I's death the empire was divided between his elder son Arcadius (... |
137 | Egyptian pharaonic kingdoms: tꜣ.wy (Old) → (Middle) → (New) | en | SUCCESSION | Northeast Africa / Nile Valley (Egypt) | 0.8 | confirmed | 3 | The three 'Kingdom' high-points of pharaonic Egyptian statehood (Old, Middle, New), each separated from the next by an Intermediate Period of real state collapse and (for the New Kingdom's founding) by foreign Hyksos rule. | This chain links only the three periods of FULL pharaonic statehood and does NOT assert continuous statehood: it is punctuated by the First Intermediate Period (c. -2160..-2055, rival Herakleopolitan and Theban dynasties) and the Second Intermediate Period (c. -1650..-1550), during which the Levantine Hyksos (15th Dyna... | [
{
"citation": "Ian Shaw (ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt, Oxford University Press, 2000",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, David Warburton (eds.), Ancient Egyptian Chronology, Brill (HdO 83), 2006",
"url": null,
"source_type": ... | [
{
"id": 461,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "The Old Kingdom (c. -2686..-2160), the 'pyramid age' of the 3rd-6th Dynasties, ruled from Memphis (Inbu-hedj).",
"ethical_notes": null,
"entity_id": 1056,
"ent... |
40 | English / British state trunk: Kingdom of England → British Empire | en | SUCCESSION | British Isles / England | 0.95 | confirmed | 2 | English/British state-formation: from the unified Kingdom of England (927 under Æthelstan), through the Anglo-Scottish union (1707) that created Great Britain, to the British Empire at its global apex, and the modern United Kingdom. The 1707 Acts of Union formally unified the English and Scottish crowns, both of which ... | ETHICS: the British Empire chain must be read with its victims in view — conquest of Ireland, Scottish Highland Clearances, Indian famines (Bengal 1770, Madras 1876), trans-Atlantic slavery (until 1833), concentration camps in South Africa (1900-1902), Tasmanian genocide (1830s), Jamaica 1865 etc. The 'civilizing missi... | [
{
"citation": "Cannon, J. (ed.) 'The Oxford Companion to British History' (1997)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Ferguson, N. 'Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order' (2003)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Thar... | [
{
"id": 166,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Kingdom of England, unified under Æthelstan (r. 924-939) after defeating Olaf Guthfrithsson at the Battle of Brunanburh (937). Norman Conquest (1066) reshaped the state bu... |
22 | Ethiopian State Trunk | en | SUCCESSION | East Africa / Ethiopian Highlands / Eritrea | 0.7 | confirmed | 4 | Political succession of the Ethiopian-Eritrean highland state tradition: the pre-Aksumite kingdom of D'mt (c. 800-400 BCE), the Kingdom of Aksum (c. 100-960 CE), the Zagwe dynasty (c. 900/1137-1270, builders of the Lalibela rock churches), and the Solomonic Mengist Ityop'p'ya (1270-1974). Merged in v6.99.112 from two p... | Three legitimation myths and one weak link, all declared. (1) The D'mt→Aksum link crosses a ~500-year archaeological gap (D'mt dissolves c. 400 BCE, Aksumite consolidation c. 100 CE): the chain asserts a regional state-tradition succession, NOT documented dynastic continuity — academically contested, hence the chain co... | [
{
"citation": "Munro-Hay, S. 'Aksum: An African Civilisation of Late Antiquity' (1991)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Phillipson, D.W. 'Ancient Ethiopia: Aksum, Its Antecedents and Successors' (1998)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citat... | [
{
"id": 431,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "D'mt (Daamat), the pre-Aksumite kingdom of the northern highlands (c. 800-400 BCE), with monumental architecture at Yeha. It dissolved c. 400 BCE under unclear circumstanc... |
74 | French state deep trunk: Regnum Francorum → Imperium Francorum → Royaume de France → Republique francaise | en | SUCCESSION | Western Europe / France | 0.95 | confirmed | 5 | French state-formation: from Clovis's Regnum Francorum (481), through Charlemagne's Frankish Empire (800-888), the Capetian/Valois/Bourbon Kingdom of France (987-1792), revolutionary interludes, and the Fifth Republic. One of the longest-continuously-identified polities in Europe despite major institutional ruptures (R... | The French imperial period (1870-1962) ruled ~110 million people outside Europe at peak, with extractive colonialism in Africa, Indochina, and the Caribbean. The Vichy regime (1940-1944) collaborated in the Holocaust; this has been officially acknowledged since Chirac's 1995 speech. The wars of decolonization (Indochin... | [
{
"citation": "Duby, G. 'France in the Middle Ages 987-1460' (1991)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Cobban, A. 'A History of Modern France' (1963, 3 vols)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Furet, F. 'Revolutionary France 1770-18... | [
{
"id": 266,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Merovingian Kingdom of the Franks (481-751), founded by Clovis I after his victory at the Battle of Soissons (486). Christianized c. 496. Succeeded by the Carolingian mayo... |
8 | French state forms: Regnum Francorum → Republique francaise | en | SUCCESSION | Western Europe / France | 0.75 | confirmed | 5 | Trunk of French state forms seeded in AtlasPI: Merovingian Regnum Francorum → Carolingian Imperium Francorum → medieval/early-modern Royaume de France → Republique francaise (1792 onward). The intermediate Napoleonic empires (Premier Empire 1804-14, Second Empire 1852-70), the Bourbon Restoration (1815-30), the July Mo... | This chain is deliberately shortened because several canonical sub-entities (Premier Empire, Restauration, Second Empire, Troisième République as distinct polities) are not yet present in AtlasPI (as of this batch). Presenting the full chain without them would force us either to invent entity names — forbidden by the p... | [
{
"citation": "Furet, F. 'Revolutionary France 1770-1880' (1992)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Jones, C. 'The Cambridge Illustrated History of France' (1994)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Price, R. 'A Concise History of Fr... | [
{
"id": 21,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": null,
"ethical_notes": null,
"entity_id": 431,
"entity_name": "Regnum Francorum",
"entity_lang": "la",
"entity_type": "kingdom",
"entity_year_start":... |
129 | Haitian state: First Empire → Republic of Haiti | en | SUCCESSION | Caribbean / Hispaniola (Haiti) | 0.8 | confirmed | 2 | The Haitian state from independence (1 January 1804) — the only successful slave revolution in history — through Dessalines's First Empire (1804-1806) to the Republic of Haiti, with the 1806-1820 north-south partition and the 1825 French indemnity documented. | Haiti's founding is world-historical: the enslaved people of Saint-Domingue, the most profitable slave colony on earth, defeated France (and Spanish and British interventions) in a thirteen-year revolution (1791-1804) and abolished slavery unconditionally. The transition modelled here is NOT a clean succession: Dessali... | [
{
"citation": "Dubois, L. 'Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution' (Harvard University Press, 2004)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Dubois, L. 'Haiti: The Aftershocks of History' (Metropolitan Books, 2012)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "... | [
{
"id": 424,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "The first independent Haitian state: independence declared at Gonaïves on 1 January 1804 by Jean-Jacques Dessalines, who was proclaimed Emperor Jacques I in September-Octo... |
127 | Hawaiian kingdom: Aupuni Mōʻī o Hawaiʻi → United States | en | SUCCESSION | Pacific / Hawaiian Islands | 0.85 | confirmed | 2 | The Hawaiian Kingdom (1795-1893), founded by Kamehameha I's unification of the islands, to the armed overthrow of Queen Liliʻuokalani (17 January 1893) backed by US forces, and US annexation (1898). | The 1893 overthrow was an armed coup by a committee of mostly American settler businessmen, succeeding only because US Minister John Stevens landed US Marines from the USS Boston in support — as the United States itself formally acknowledged in the 1993 Apology Resolution (Public Law 103-150), which states the overthro... | [
{
"citation": "Kuykendall, R.S. 'The Hawaiian Kingdom, Vol. 3: 1874-1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty' (University of Hawaii Press, 1967)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Silva, N.K. 'Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism' (Duke University Press, 2... | [
{
"id": 420,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "The Hawaiian Kingdom, unified by Kamehameha I (1795, completed 1810), an internationally recognised constitutional monarchy with treaties with the US, Britain and France; ... |
28 | Iberian central trunk: Regnum Visigothorum → Corona de Castilla → Imperio Español → Republica Espanola | en | SUCCESSION | Iberian Peninsula / Spain | 0.85 | confirmed | 4 | Core political succession of the Iberian peninsula's largest state: from the Visigothic kingdom (418-720), through the Christian Reconquista kingdoms (primarily Castile, with Aragon/Portugal as parallel trunks), to the unified Spanish monarchy, empire, and modern Spanish republic. The Al-Andalus caliphate (929-1031) an... | ETHICS: the Spanish 'Reconquista' is a teleological Catholic-centric framing that treats the 780-year Muslim presence as occupation rather than a coherent civilization. Al-Andalus (711-1492) produced its own dynasties, culture, and continuity — see the parallel Iberian Islamic chain. The 1492 'completion' of the Reconq... | [
{
"citation": "Payne, S. G. 'A History of Spain and Portugal' (1973, 2 vols)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Collins, R. 'Visigothic Spain 409-711' (2004)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "O'Callaghan, J. F. 'A History of Mediev... | [
{
"id": 116,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Visigothic kingdom spanning most of the Iberian Peninsula and southern Gaul, Christianized under Reccared I (589). Fell to the Umayyad conquest in 711-720.",
"ethical_... |
29 | Iberian Islamic trunk: Al-Andalus → خلافة قرطبة → ملوك الطوائف → مملكة غرناطة | en | SUCCESSION | Al-Andalus / Iberian Peninsula (Islamic) | 0.9 | confirmed | 3 | Political continuity of Muslim Iberia: from the Umayyad emirate of Córdoba (756), through the Caliphate of Córdoba (929-1031), the fragmentation into taifa kingdoms (1009-1091), and the final Nasrid Emirate of Granada (1238-1492). Parallel to the Christian trunk; neither erases the other. | ETHICS: Al-Andalus is often marginalized in Spanish national narratives as 'occupation' despite 780 years of presence and cultural/scientific flourishing (Maimonides, Ibn Rushd, Ibn Zaydun). The 1492 conquest of Granada was followed by mass expulsions of Jews (1492) and Moriscos (1609) — a cultural and demographic cata... | [
{
"citation": "Fierro, M. 'The Almohad Revolution' (2012)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Kennedy, H. 'Muslim Spain and Portugal: A Political History of al-Andalus' (1996)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Menocal, M. R. 'The Or... | [
{
"id": 120,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "The Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba, declared independent from the Abbasids in 929 under Abd al-Rahman III. Apex of Iberian Islamic civilization: Great Mosque of Córdoba, Mad... |
7 | Imperium Romaniae → Osmanlı İmparatorluğu | en | SUCCESSION | Eastern Mediterranean / Anatolia / Balkans | 0.7 | confirmed | 2 | Political-capital continuity from the Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire to the Ottoman Empire via the 1453 conquest of Constantinople. Mehmed II took the Greek title Καῖσαρ Ῥωμαίων (Kayser-i Rûm, 'Caesar of the Romans') and made Konstantinopolis his new capital, reframing the Ottoman polity as the legitimate continuator... | Two views must coexist. (a) Mehmed II's self-proclamation of Kayser-i Rûm is a historical fact: he kept the Ecumenical Patriarchate, appointed Gennadios Scholarios, and cultivated a Roman imperial self-image alongside Islamic caliphal claims; large parts of the Ottoman administrative-fiscal fabric in Rumelia were direc... | [
{
"citation": "Kafadar, C. 'Between Two Worlds: The Construction of the Ottoman State' (1995)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Babinger, F. 'Mehmed the Conqueror and His Time' (1978)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Kaldellis, A... | [
{
"id": 19,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": null,
"ethical_notes": null,
"entity_id": 437,
"entity_name": "Imperium Romaniae",
"entity_lang": "la",
"entity_type": "empire",
"entity_year_start":... |
19 | Indian subcontinent paramount power: Delhi Sultanate → Mughal → British Raj → Republic of India (4 links, 1206–present) | en | SUCCESSION | Indian subcontinent / South Asia | 0.78 | confirmed | 4 | The linear succession of recognized paramount powers controlling the northern Indian heartland (the Delhi–Agra corridor) from the medieval Islamic conquests to the modern republic. Each link replaced the previous as the dominant political authority over the subcontinent's most contested strategic zone. This chain does ... | This chain traces 'paramount power' — the entity with recognized sovereignty over the Delhi political center — not the 'natural' or 'legitimate' ruler of India. The concept of a single legitimate ruler of the subcontinent is itself a political construct, instrumentalized by every chain member (the Delhi Sultans invoked... | [
{
"citation": "Metcalf, B. & Metcalf, T. (2012). A Concise History of Modern India. 3rd ed. Cambridge University Press.",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Stein, B. (2010). A History of India. 2nd ed., revised by D. Arnold. Wiley-Blackwell.",
"url": null,
"source_... | [
{
"id": 80,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Qutb ud-Din Aibak, Turkic slave-commander of Muhammad of Ghor, established independent rule at Delhi in 1206, founding the first of five dynasties (Mamluk, Khalji, Tughlaq,... |
103 | Inner Asian steppe imperial trunk: Xiongnu → Göktürk → Uyghur → Yenisei Kyrgyz | en | SUCCESSION | Inner Asia / Mongolian Plateau / Central Eurasia | 0.72 | confirmed | 4 | The sequence of nomadic confederate empires that dominated the Eurasian steppe from the 3rd century BCE. Each arose in the same geographic core (Mongolian plateau / Inner Asia), typically after the military collapse of the preceding dominant power. The Xiongnu established the institutional template — the supreme khan, ... | Nomadic confederacies are systematically misrepresented in sedentary historiography as purely destructive forces. The Xiongnu, Göktürk, and Uyghur empires maintained sophisticated diplomatic relations with China (including royal marriage alliances and tribute-trade systems that functioned as formalized commerce), suppo... | [
{
"citation": "Di Cosmo, N. 'Ancient China and its Enemies: The Rise of Nomadic Power in East Asian History' (2002)",
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Golden, P. 'An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples' (1992)",
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Barfiel... | [
{
"id": 352,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": 93,
"transition_type": "DISSOLUTION",
"is_violent": true,
"description": "After the Northern Xiongnu were defeated by a joint Han-Xianbei campaign (89 CE) and subsequently destroyed by the Xianbei under Tanshihuai (c. 93 CE), Xiongnu polit... |
89 | Iranian medieval trunk: سامانیان → آل بويه → سلجوق (already chained) → Mongols → Safavid (already chained) | en | DYNASTY | Iran / Greater Khorasan | 0.85 | confirmed | 2 | Post-Abbasid Iranian dynastic succession: the Samanids (819-999) who sponsored the Persian literary renaissance (Rudaki, Ferdowsi's Shahnameh), the Buyids/Buwayhids (934-1062) who controlled Baghdad as Shia protectors of Sunni caliphs, followed by Seljuk and then Mongol rule — these integrate with the existing Iranian ... | The Samanid and Buyid periods represent the 'Iranian Intermezzo' — Persian linguistic and cultural revival under nominally Islamic rule, producing the Shahnameh (completed c. 1010, 50,000 verses). The Buyids' Shi'ism ruling Sunni Baghdad is one of the most interesting religious-political configurations in Islamic histo... | [
{
"citation": "Frye, R. N. 'The Golden Age of Persia' (1975)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Bosworth, C. E. 'The New Islamic Dynasties' (1996)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
}
] | [
{
"id": 323,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Samanid Empire (819-999), centered in Bukhara and Samarkand. Sponsored Persian cultural revival in the Islamic world — the 'Shahnameh' (Book of Kings) by Ferdowsi was comp... |
101 | Iranian power succession: Median Empire → Achaemenid Empire | en | SUCCESSION | Iranian Plateau / Mesopotamia / Anatolia | 0.82 | confirmed | 2 | The transition from Median dominance to Achaemenid expansion. Cyrus the Great, king of Anshan (nominally a Median vassal), overthrew the Median king Astyages in 550 BCE and founded the Achaemenid Empire — which became the largest empire the world had yet seen, stretching from Egypt to the Indus. | The Achaemenid Empire is among the first documented multi-ethnic, religiously tolerant empires in recorded history. The Cyrus Cylinder (c. 539 BCE) describes policies of religious tolerance and repatriation of displaced peoples — including the return of Jewish exiles from Babylon. Western historiography has historicall... | [
{
"citation": "Briant, P. 'From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire' (2002)",
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Kuhrt, A. 'The Persian Empire: A Corpus of Sources from the Achaemenid Period' (2007)",
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Dandamaev, M.A. 'A... | [
{
"id": 347,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": -549,
"transition_type": "CONQUEST",
"is_violent": true,
"description": "Cyrus II (the Great) of Anshan defeated Astyages, the last Median king, c. 550-549 BCE. The surrender was reportedly facilitated by Median nobles defecting to Cyrus, ... |
18 | Iranian state-formation trunk: Achaemenid → Islamic Republic (6 links, 550 BCE – present) | en | SUCCESSION | Iranian Plateau / Greater Iran | 0.82 | confirmed | 6 | The long-duration sequence of major polities claiming sovereignty over the Iranian heartland. This chain traces state succession (control of the Iranian plateau and its administrative apparatus) rather than dynastic continuity — major breaks include Alexander's conquest (330 BCE), the Arab conquest (651 CE), and the Mo... | This chain deliberately omits intermediate Islamic-era Iranian dynasties (Samanid, Buyid, Ghaznavid, Seljuk, Ilkhanate, Timurid, Afsharid, Zand) — each significant but none held enduring pan-Iranian sovereignty comparable to the chain members. Their omission is a scope decision, not a significance judgment. The Arab co... | [
{
"citation": "Axworthy, M. (2008). A History of Iran: Empire of the Mind. Basic Books.",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Daryaee, T. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History. Oxford University Press.",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
}
] | [
{
"id": 74,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Founded by Cyrus the Great (Cyrus II) c.550 BCE after defeating the Median Empire.",
"ethical_notes": "Cyrus Cylinder: first charter of human rights (debated). BUT also... |
9 | Iranian state forms: Safavid → Qajar → Pahlavi → Islamic Republic | en | SUCCESSION | Iran / Persia | 0.8 | confirmed | 5 | Modern Iranian state succession from the Safavid dynasty (which consolidated Twelver Shi'ism as state religion) through the Qajar dynasty, the Pahlavi imperial state, to the Islamic Republic. The Afsharid dynasty (1736-96, Nader Shah) and the Zand dynasty (1751-94, Karim Khan) are historically part of this trunk but ar... | Two points of care. (a) The 1979 transition from the Pahlavi imperial state to the Islamic Republic is marked REVOLUTION with is_violent=true and the deposition of Mohammad Reza Shah is stated plainly — no euphemism. The subsequent consolidation (1979-83) included political executions, the hostage crisis, and the onset... | [
{
"citation": "Matthee, R. 'Persia in Crisis: Safavid Decline and the Fall of Isfahan' (2012)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Abrahamian, E. 'A History of Modern Iran' (2nd ed., 2018)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Amanat, A.... | [
{
"id": 25,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": null,
"ethical_notes": null,
"entity_id": 13,
"entity_name": "دولت صفویه",
"entity_lang": "fa",
"entity_type": "empire",
"entity_year_start": 1501,
... |
42 | Irish polities: Rioghacht na hEireann → British rule → Eire | en | SUCCESSION | British Isles / Ireland | 0.8 | confirmed | 2 | Ireland's political history spans pre-Christian high kingships (Uí Néill), Christian consolidation (5th-6th c.), Viking settlements (9th-10th c.), the Norman invasion (1169), the Lordship/Kingdom of Ireland under English crown (1541), the Act of Union (1801), and independence (1922). This chain focuses on the high-medi... | English/British rule over Ireland (1169-1922) involved conquest, plantation, dispossession, the Great Famine (1845-1852 — ~1 million dead, ~1 million emigrated), and long resistance. The 1998 Good Friday Agreement ended 30 years of 'Troubles' in Northern Ireland but left the island divided. Irish historiography rejects... | [
{
"citation": "Foster, R. F. 'Modern Ireland, 1600-1972' (1988)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Lyons, F. S. L. 'Ireland Since the Famine' (1971)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
}
] | [
{
"id": 169,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "The medieval Kingdom of Ireland — a high kingship with varying levels of effective power, held by Uí Néill, Brian Boru (High King 1002-1014), and others. Fragmented among ... |
91 | Iroquois Confederacy continuity: Haudenosaunee | en | SUCCESSION | Eastern North America / Iroquoia | 0.85 | confirmed | 1 | The Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy), founded c. 1142 by the Peacemaker (Deganawidah) and Hiawatha, initially uniting Five Nations (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca). Joined by the Tuscarora (1722) as the Six Nations. The Great Law of Peace (Gayanashagowa) influenced American constitutional thought (Benjami... | ETHICS: the Haudenosaunee's influence on the US Constitution is often understated — Franklin's 1751 letter and the 1744 Albany Congress explicitly drew from Iroquois federalism. The American Revolution (1775-1783) split the confederacy: Mohawks, Cayugas, Senecas, and Onondagas sided with Britain; Oneidas and Tuscaroras... | [
{
"citation": "Tooker, E. 'An Iroquois Source Book' (1985)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Richter, D. K. 'The Ordeal of the Longhouse' (1992)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Johansen, B. E. 'Forgotten Founders' (1982)",
"... | [
{
"id": 326,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Haudenosaunee ('People of the Longhouse'), the Iroquois Confederacy founded c. 1142 by the Peacemaker and Hiawatha. United Five Nations initially (Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga... |
13 | Islamic central lands: Rashidun → Umayyad → Abbasid → Mamluk → Ottoman (632–1922) | en | SUCCESSION | Arabia / Syria / Mesopotamia / Egypt / Anatolia | 0.9 | confirmed | 5 | Five-link trunk of political hegemony over the central Islamic lands (the Fertile Crescent, Egypt, and later Anatolia), from the Rashidun caliphate at Medina and Kufa (632–661) through the Umayyad dynasty at Damascus (661–750), the Abbasid caliphate at Baghdad (750–1258), the Mamluk Sultanate at Cairo (1250–1517, hosti... | Five points of care that the trunk format tends to elide. (a) Every transition in this chain is violent: the First Fitna that founded the Umayyad line involved the assassination of Ali ibn Abi Talib at Kufa in 661 and the forced abdication of al-Hasan; the Umayyad–Husayn conflict culminated in the killing of the Prophe... | [
{
"citation": "al-Tabari (d. 923). تاريخ الرسل والملوك (Tārīkh al-rusul wa-l-mulūk / History of the Prophets and Kings), 40 vols. Eng. tr. SUNY Press 1985–2007.",
"url": null,
"source_type": "primary"
},
{
"citation": "Ibn al-Athir (d. 1233). الكامل في التاريخ (al-Kāmil fī l-Tārīkh / The Complet... | [
{
"id": 53,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "The Rashidun ('rightly guided') caliphate — the four successors of Muhammad recognised by Sunni tradition: Abu Bakr (632–634), Umar ibn al-Khattab (634–644), Uthman ibn Aff... |
110 | Italian unification trunk: Regno di Sardegna → Regno d'Italia | en | SUCCESSION | Italian peninsula / Italy | 0.85 | confirmed | 2 | Italian unification (Risorgimento): the Kingdom of Sardinia (House of Savoy, Piedmont) as the nucleus that unified the Italian peninsula into the Kingdom of Italy (1861), absorbing Lombardy (1859), the central duchies, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1860), Venetia (1866), and Rome (1870). The Savoyard monarchy lasted... | This chain follows the Savoyard MAIN LINE (Sardinia → Italy); unification was substantially a CONQUEST of the other Italian states by Piedmont-Sardinia, not a voluntary merger, and that is not euphemised here. The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (entity #572, successor to the Kingdom of Naples #424) was conquered in 1860 b... | [
{
"citation": "Duggan, C. 'The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796' (Allen Lane / Houghton Mifflin, 2007)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Riall, L. 'The Italian Risorgimento: State, Society and National Unification' (Routledge, 1994)",
"url": null,
... | [
{
"id": 380,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Kingdom of Sardinia, ruled by the House of Savoy from Turin. Under the liberal premiership of Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour (1852-1861), it became the diplomatic and mili... |
End of preview. Expand in Data Studio
AtlasPI — Historical Geography Dataset
1,006 historical geopolitical entities · 643 events · 55 periods · 104 dynasty chains · 252 cities · 41 trade routes
The first open dataset specifically designed for AI agents working on historical geography questions. Apache 2.0 licensed. Includes real GeoJSON boundaries from academic sources, not placeholder polygons.
Temporal range: 4500 BCE → 2024 CE Geographic coverage: all inhabited continents (Asia 31%, Africa 18%, Americas 17%, Europe 17%, Middle East 11%, Oceania 2%)
What makes this different from Wikidata/Natural Earth
| Wikidata | Natural Earth | AtlasPI | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Historical boundaries | ❌ | ❌ (modern only) | ✅ |
| Temporal dimension (BCE → 2024) | Partial | ❌ | ✅ |
| One-call world snapshot | ❌ (SPARQL) | ❌ | ✅ |
| Cross-referenced dynasty chains | Partial | ❌ | ✅ |
| Ethical framings per entity | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ |
| Native-language primary names | Partial | ❌ | ✅ |
| Free REST API + MCP server | ❌ | ❌ | ✅ |
| Academic sources per record | Partial | ❌ | ✅ 2,400+ |
Example use cases for AI agents
- "What was the world like in 1250 CE?" → one API call returns periods, entities, events, cities, chains — all active that year.
- "Find entities similar to the Roman Empire" → weighted similarity over entity type, temporal overlap, duration, confidence, status.
- "On this day in history (14 July)" → returns Bastille Day + other events across centuries sharing that date.
- "Compare the Aztec Empire and Mughal Empire" → side-by-side structured response.
- "Which historical periods did the Byzantine Empire overlap with?" → returns periods across multiple regions.
Dataset structure
entities.jsonl (1,006 records)
{
"id": 1,
"name_original": "Imperium Romanum",
"name_original_lang": "la",
"entity_type": "empire",
"year_start": -27,
"year_end": 476,
"capital": {"name": "Roma", "lat": 41.9028, "lon": 12.4964},
"boundary_geojson": {"type": "MultiPolygon", "coordinates": [...]},
"boundary_source": "natural_earth",
"confidence_score": 0.95,
"status": "confirmed",
"name_variants": [
{"name": "Roman Empire", "lang": "en"},
{"name": "Ῥωμαϊκὴ Αὐτοκρατορία", "lang": "grc"}
],
"sources": [...],
"ethical_notes": "..."
}
events.jsonl (643 records)
{
"id": 123,
"name_original": "Armistice de Compiègne",
"name_original_lang": "fr",
"event_type": "TREATY",
"year": 1918,
"month": 11,
"day": 11,
"iso_date": "1918-11-11",
"location_name": "Rethondes, France",
"location_lat": 49.4241,
"location_lon": 2.9013,
"main_actor": "Marshal Ferdinand Foch ...",
"description": "...",
"confidence_score": 1.0,
"ethical_notes": "...",
"sources": [...]
}
periods.jsonl (55 records)
Historical epochs with region scope, historiographic notes, and alternative names (e.g., "Dark Ages" → deprecated label for "Early Middle Ages").
chains.jsonl (104 records)
Dynasty / succession chains with explicit transition_type per link (CONQUEST, SUCCESSION, REVOLUTION, etc.). No euphemisms.
Ethical principles baked into the data
- ETHICS-001: Primary names in native script (Mēxihcah not "Aztec"; Tawantinsuyu not "Inca"; 漢朝 not "Han Dynasty")
- ETHICS-002: Conquests labeled CONQUEST, not softened to "succession"
- ETHICS-007: Event types include GENOCIDE, COLONIAL_VIOLENCE, ETHNIC_CLEANSING — academic terminology, no euphemisms
- ETHICS-010: Trade routes involving slavery flagged explicitly
When using this dataset in downstream models or applications, preserve these distinctions. Don't collapse native names to colonial exonyms.
Access
Via REST API (no download needed)
import requests
snap = requests.get("https://atlaspi.it/v1/snapshot/year/1250").json()
Via Python SDK
pip install atlaspi-client
from atlaspi import AtlasPI
client = AtlasPI()
snap = client.snapshot(year=1250)
Via MCP server (Claude Desktop / Claude Code)
pip install atlaspi-mcp
Data sources
- Natural Earth (public domain): ne_110m_admin_0_countries
- aourednik/historical-basemaps (CC BY 4.0): 54 period snapshots
- Academic citations: Cambridge Histories, Oxford Handbooks, regional specialists
Citation
@dataset{atlaspi2026,
title = {AtlasPI: Historical Geography Dataset for AI Agents},
author = {AtlasPI Project},
year = {2026},
url = {https://atlaspi.it},
license = {Apache-2.0}
}
Links
- REST API: https://atlaspi.it
- Docs: https://atlaspi.it/docs
- Source: https://github.com/Soil911/AtlasPI
- License: Apache 2.0
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