id int64 1 137 | name stringlengths 17 172 | name_lang stringclasses 7
values | chain_type stringclasses 6
values | region stringlengths 5 67 | confidence_score float64 0.6 0.95 | status stringclasses 1
value | link_count int64 1 12 | description stringlengths 74 1.36k | ethical_notes stringlengths 265 3.51k | sources listlengths 1 14 | links listlengths 1 12 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
111 | Zimbabwe plateau northern trunk: Dzimba dza mabwe → Mutapa | en | SUCCESSION | Southern Africa / Zimbabwe plateau / Zambezi valley | 0.75 | confirmed | 2 | Northern branch of the Zimbabwe plateau state tradition: from Great Zimbabwe (Dzimba dza mabwe, c. 1100-1450) to the Mutapa state (Mwene Mutapa / Monomotapa, c. 1430-1760) founded by Nyatsimba Mutota's northward expansion toward the Zambezi valley as Great Zimbabwe declined. | The chain ends WITHOUT a successor link, deliberately: Mutapa's sovereignty was eroded by Portuguese penetration (prazo estates, arms trade) culminating in the 1629 capitulation treaty that made Mwene Mutapa Mavura a Portuguese vassal, but Portugal never constituted a successor polity administering this territory in th... | [
{
"citation": "Mudenge, S.I.G. 'A Political History of Munhumutapa c. 1400-1902' (Zimbabwe Publishing House / James Currey, 1988)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Beach, D.N. 'The Shona and Zimbabwe 900-1850: An Outline of Shona History' (Heinemann, 1980)",
"url": n... | [
{
"id": 386,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Great Zimbabwe, the stone-built capital of a Shona state controlling the gold trade between the plateau and the Swahili coast (Kilwa network). Its decline in the 15th cent... |
112 | Zimbabwe plateau southwestern trunk: Dzimba dza mabwe → Torwa → Rozwi | en | SUCCESSION | Southern Africa / Zimbabwe plateau (Butua) | 0.72 | confirmed | 3 | Southwestern branch of the Zimbabwe plateau state tradition: from Great Zimbabwe to the Torwa state of Butua (capital Khami, c. 1450-1683) and then the Rozwi empire (Changamire dynasty, 1684-1834), which conquered Torwa and expelled the Portuguese from the plateau. | Torwa is one of the least-documented major states of the region (confidence of the entity itself is low; dates approximate, resting on the archaeology of Khami and Portuguese hearsay). The Rozwi state was destroyed during the Mfecane: Nguni groups moving north of the Limpopo (Zwangendaba's Ngoni sacked the capital c. 1... | [
{
"citation": "Beach, D.N. 'The Shona and Zimbabwe 900-1850: An Outline of Shona History' (Heinemann, 1980)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Pikirayi, I. 'The Zimbabwe Culture: Origins and Decline of Southern Zambezian States' (AltaMira Press, 2001)",
"url": null,
... | [
{
"id": 388,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "Great Zimbabwe as the common root of the plateau state tradition (see also the northern trunk chain to Mutapa — two successor branches from one root, like the Kyivan Rus' ... |
113 | Zulu kingdom: KwaZulu → British Empire | en | SUCCESSION | Southern Africa / KwaZulu-Natal | 0.85 | confirmed | 2 | The Zulu kingdom from Shaka's state-building (c. 1816) to British conquest: Anglo-Zulu War (1879), engineered partition and civil war, annexation of Zululand (1887), incorporation into Natal (1897). | This chain records the succession of power over the territory, not a lineage: the British Empire is the conqueror, not an heir. Britain invaded in January 1879 under an ultimatum engineered by Sir Bartle Frere without imperial authorisation; after the Zulu victory at Isandlwana (22 January 1879, one of the worst defeat... | [
{
"citation": "Guy, J. 'The Destruction of the Zulu Kingdom: The Civil War in Zululand, 1879-1884' (Longman, 1979)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Laband, J. 'Rope of Sand: The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Kingdom in the Nineteenth Century' (Jonathan Ball, 1995)",
"ur... | [
{
"id": 391,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": "The Zulu kingdom consolidated by Shaka kaSenzangakhona from c. 1816 through military innovation and the absorption of neighbouring chiefdoms during the upheavals of the Mf... |
6 | Российская Империя → СССР → Российская Федерация | ru | RESTORATION | Eurasia | 0.85 | confirmed | 3 | Russian state continuity through the 1917 revolution and 1991 dissolution. | The USSR 'continuity' from the Russian Empire is contested: Soviets explicitly REJECTED the Tsarist legacy ideologically while inheriting most of its territory and great-power posture. The Russian Federation 1991 was recognized as the USSR's juridical continuator at the UN (kept Security Council seat, debt obligations,... | [
{
"citation": "Pipes, R. 'Russia under the Bolshevik Regime' (1994)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
},
{
"citation": "Suny, R. 'The Soviet Experiment' (2010)",
"url": null,
"source_type": "academic"
}
] | [
{
"id": 16,
"sequence_order": 0,
"transition_year": null,
"transition_type": null,
"is_violent": false,
"description": null,
"ethical_notes": null,
"entity_id": 16,
"entity_name": "Российская Империя",
"entity_lang": "ru",
"entity_type": "empire",
"entity_year_start":... |
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