Datasets:

wenitwa
/

regulens-eu-citation-qa

id string	question string	category string	regulation string	required_citations list	reference_answer string	notes string
a-def-001	Under the EU AI Act, who counts as a 'provider'?	definition	ai_act	[ { "regulation": "ai_act", "article": 3, "paragraph": null } ]	AI Act Article 3, point (3) defines a 'provider' as a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body that develops an AI system or a general-purpose AI model (or has one developed) and places it on the market or puts it into service under its own name or trademark, whether for payment or free of charge...	Article 3 is a list of numbered definitions (points), not paragraphs; the term is point (3).
a-def-002	What is a 'deployer' under the EU AI Act?	definition	ai_act	[ { "regulation": "ai_act", "article": 3, "paragraph": null } ]	AI Act Article 3, point (4) defines a 'deployer' as a natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body using an AI system under its authority, except where the AI system is used in the course of a personal non-professional activity.	Definition is point (4) of Article 3.
a-def-003	How does the EU AI Act define an 'AI system'?	definition	ai_act	[ { "regulation": "ai_act", "article": 3, "paragraph": null } ]	AI Act Article 3, point (1) defines an 'AI system' as a machine-based system designed to operate with varying levels of autonomy, that may exhibit adaptiveness after deployment, and that, for explicit or implicit objectives, infers from the input it receives how to generate outputs such as predictions, content, recomme...	Definition is point (1) of Article 3.
a-def-004	Under the GDPR, what is 'personal data'?	definition	gdpr	[ { "regulation": "gdpr", "article": 4, "paragraph": null } ]	GDPR Article 4, point (1) defines 'personal data' as any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person ('data subject'); an identifiable person is one who can be identified, directly or indirectly, in particular by an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online i...	Definition is point (1) of Article 4.
a-def-005	Who is a 'controller' under the GDPR?	definition	gdpr	[ { "regulation": "gdpr", "article": 4, "paragraph": null } ]	GDPR Article 4, point (7) defines a 'controller' as the natural or legal person, public authority, agency or other body which, alone or jointly with others, determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data.	Definition is point (7) of Article 4.
a-def-006	What does the GDPR require for 'consent' of a data subject to be valid?	definition	gdpr	[ { "regulation": "gdpr", "article": 4, "paragraph": null } ]	GDPR Article 4, point (11) defines 'consent' as any freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous indication of the data subject's wishes by which they, by a statement or by a clear affirmative action, signify agreement to the processing of personal data relating to them.	Definition is point (11) of Article 4.
a-def-007	What is a 'personal data breach' under the GDPR?	definition	gdpr	[ { "regulation": "gdpr", "article": 4, "paragraph": null } ]	GDPR Article 4, point (12) defines a 'personal data breach' as a breach of security leading to the accidental or unlawful destruction, loss, alteration, unauthorised disclosure of, or access to, personal data transmitted, stored or otherwise processed.	Definition is point (12) of Article 4.
a-obl-001	What record-keeping (logging) capability must a high-risk AI system provide under the AI Act?	obligation	ai_act	[ { "regulation": "ai_act", "article": 12, "paragraph": 1 }, { "regulation": "ai_act", "article": 12, "paragraph": 2 } ]	AI Act Article 12(1) requires high-risk AI systems to technically allow for the automatic recording of events (logs) over the lifetime of the system. Article 12(2) requires the logging capabilities to enable recording of events relevant for identifying risk situations or substantial modifications, facilitating post-mar...	null
a-obl-002	How long must a provider keep the automatically generated logs of a high-risk AI system under the AI Act?	obligation	ai_act	[ { "regulation": "ai_act", "article": 19, "paragraph": 1 } ]	AI Act Article 19(1) requires providers to keep the logs automatically generated by their high-risk AI systems, to the extent the logs are under their control, for a period appropriate to the intended purpose of at least six months, unless provided otherwise in applicable Union or national law.	null
a-obl-003	What must the risk management system for a high-risk AI system do under the AI Act?	obligation	ai_act	[ { "regulation": "ai_act", "article": 9, "paragraph": 1 }, { "regulation": "ai_act", "article": 9, "paragraph": 2 } ]	AI Act Article 9(1) requires a risk management system to be established, implemented, documented and maintained for high-risk AI systems. Article 9(2) defines it as a continuous iterative process across the lifecycle comprising identification and analysis of known and foreseeable risks, estimation and evaluation of ris...	null
a-obl-004	What human oversight must be ensured for high-risk AI systems under the AI Act?	obligation	ai_act	[ { "regulation": "ai_act", "article": 14, "paragraph": 1 }, { "regulation": "ai_act", "article": 14, "paragraph": 4 } ]	AI Act Article 14(1) requires high-risk AI systems to be designed and developed, including with appropriate human-machine interface tools, so that they can be effectively overseen by natural persons while in use. Article 14(4) requires the system to enable oversight persons to understand its capacities and limitations,...	null
a-obl-005	What must a provider do when an AI system is intended to interact directly with people, under the AI Act?	obligation	ai_act	[ { "regulation": "ai_act", "article": 50, "paragraph": 1 } ]	AI Act Article 50(1) requires providers to ensure that AI systems intended to interact directly with natural persons are designed and developed so that the persons concerned are informed they are interacting with an AI system, unless this is obvious to a reasonably well-informed, observant and circumspect person (with ...	null
a-obl-006	When must a controller carry out a data protection impact assessment (DPIA) under the GDPR?	obligation	gdpr	[ { "regulation": "gdpr", "article": 35, "paragraph": 1 }, { "regulation": "gdpr", "article": 35, "paragraph": 3 } ]	GDPR Article 35(1) requires a DPIA prior to processing where a type of processing, in particular using new technologies, is likely to result in a high risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons. Article 35(3) requires it in particular for systematic and extensive automated evaluation (including profiling) with ...	null
a-obl-007	Within what time must a controller notify a personal data breach to the supervisory authority under the GDPR?	obligation	gdpr	[ { "regulation": "gdpr", "article": 33, "paragraph": 1 } ]	GDPR Article 33(1) requires the controller to notify a personal data breach to the competent supervisory authority without undue delay and, where feasible, not later than 72 hours after becoming aware of it, unless the breach is unlikely to result in a risk to the rights and freedoms of natural persons; a notification ...	null
a-obl-008	When must a controller or processor designate a data protection officer under the GDPR?	obligation	gdpr	[ { "regulation": "gdpr", "article": 37, "paragraph": 1 } ]	GDPR Article 37(1) requires designation of a data protection officer where processing is carried out by a public authority or body (except courts acting judicially); where core activities consist of regular and systematic monitoring of data subjects on a large scale; or where core activities consist of large-scale proc...	null
a-obl-009	What must a controller ensure under the GDPR principle of data protection by design and by default?	obligation	gdpr	[ { "regulation": "gdpr", "article": 25, "paragraph": 1 }, { "regulation": "gdpr", "article": 25, "paragraph": 2 } ]	GDPR Article 25(1) requires the controller to implement appropriate technical and organisational measures (such as pseudonymisation) designed to implement data-protection principles like data minimisation and to integrate the necessary safeguards, both when determining the means of processing and during processing. Art...	null
a-xref-001	Under the AI Act, providers of high-risk AI systems must have a quality management system; what must that system comply with and contain?	cross_reference	ai_act	[ { "regulation": "ai_act", "article": 16, "paragraph": null }, { "regulation": "ai_act", "article": 17, "paragraph": 1 } ]	AI Act Article 16, point (c) requires providers of high-risk AI systems to have a quality management system in place which complies with Article 17. Article 17(1) sets out what that system must include: it must be documented in written policies, procedures and instructions and cover at least a regulatory compliance str...	Cross-reference: Art 16(c) points to Art 17. Art 16 is a lettered list (no numbered paragraphs).
a-xref-002	In the AI Act risk management system, some risks are evaluated from post-market monitoring data; where is that post-market monitoring system defined?	cross_reference	ai_act	[ { "regulation": "ai_act", "article": 9, "paragraph": 2 }, { "regulation": "ai_act", "article": 72, "paragraph": 2 } ]	AI Act Article 9(2), point (c) requires evaluating other risks arising from data gathered from 'the post-market monitoring system referred to in Article 72'. Article 72(2) defines that system: it must actively and systematically collect, document and analyse relevant data on the performance of high-risk AI systems thro...	Cross-reference: Art 9(2)(c) points to Art 72.
a-xref-003	Under the AI Act, what is the maximum administrative fine for non-compliance with the prohibited AI practices, and which practices are prohibited?	cross_reference	ai_act	[ { "regulation": "ai_act", "article": 99, "paragraph": 3 }, { "regulation": "ai_act", "article": 5, "paragraph": 1 } ]	AI Act Article 99(3) sets fines for 'non-compliance with the prohibition of the AI practices referred to in Article 5' at up to EUR 35 000 000 or, for an undertaking, up to 7% of total worldwide annual turnover for the preceding financial year, whichever is higher. Article 5(1) lists the prohibited practices (for examp...	Cross-reference: Art 99(3) points to Art 5. Fine amount is stated in Art 99(3).
a-xref-004	The GDPR requires a DPIA for large-scale processing of special categories of data; which data are 'special categories'?	cross_reference	gdpr	[ { "regulation": "gdpr", "article": 35, "paragraph": 3 }, { "regulation": "gdpr", "article": 9, "paragraph": 1 } ]	GDPR Article 35(3), point (b) requires a DPIA for processing on a large scale of 'special categories of data referred to in Article 9(1)'. Article 9(1) defines those categories as personal data revealing racial or ethnic origin, political opinions, religious or philosophical beliefs, or trade union membership, plus gen...	Cross-reference: Art 35(3)(b) points to Art 9(1).
a-xref-005	Under the GDPR right to erasure, one ground is that the data subject withdraws consent; which provision defines that consent-based legal ground?	cross_reference	gdpr	[ { "regulation": "gdpr", "article": 17, "paragraph": 1 }, { "regulation": "gdpr", "article": 6, "paragraph": 1 } ]	GDPR Article 17(1), point (b) triggers the right to erasure where the data subject 'withdraws consent on which the processing is based according to point (a) of Article 6(1), or point (a) of Article 9(2), and where there is no other legal ground'. Article 6(1)(a) is the consent legal basis for lawful processing (with A...	Cross-reference: Art 17(1)(b) points to Art 6(1)(a) (and Art 9(2)(a)).
a-oos-001	What is the maximum civil penalty under the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)?	out_of_scope	none	[]	This cannot be answered from the corpus. The corpus contains only the EU AI Act and the GDPR; the California Consumer Privacy Act is US state law and is not part of it.	null
a-oos-002	How do I bake a sourdough bread starter from scratch?	out_of_scope	none	[]	This cannot be answered from the corpus. It is not a legal question and has no basis in the EU AI Act or the GDPR.	null
a-oos-003	Under the US HIPAA Breach Notification Rule, within how many days must affected individuals be notified?	out_of_scope	none	[]	This cannot be answered from the corpus. HIPAA is US federal law and is not part of the corpus, which contains only the EU AI Act and the GDPR. (The GDPR has its own separate breach rules in Articles 33 and 34, but they are not HIPAA.)	null
a-oos-004	What consent does the EU ePrivacy Directive require before storing cookies on a user's device?	out_of_scope	none	[]	This cannot be answered from the corpus. The ePrivacy Directive (2002/58/EC) is not part of the corpus; it was deliberately excluded, which holds only the EU AI Act and the GDPR.	EU digital law but outside the fixed corpus (excluded per TZ 3.1) - tests the corpus boundary, not general-knowledge refusal.
a-oos-005	What is the standard corporate income tax rate in Ireland?	out_of_scope	none	[]	This cannot be answered from the corpus. Corporate tax rates are a matter of national tax law and are not addressed by the EU AI Act or the GDPR.	null
a-amb-001	What does Article 6(2) say?	ambiguous	both	[]	This is ambiguous: Article 6 exists in both regulations in the corpus. In the AI Act, Article 6(2) provides that AI systems referred to in Annex III are high-risk; in the GDPR, Article 6(2) lets Member States maintain or introduce more specific provisions for certain lawful-processing grounds. Please clarify which regu...	Article-number collision: AI Act Art 6 (classification of high-risk AI systems) vs GDPR Art 6 (lawfulness of processing).
a-amb-002	What does Article 17 require?	ambiguous	both	[]	This is ambiguous: Article 17 exists in both regulations. In the AI Act, Article 17 sets out the quality management system providers of high-risk AI systems must have; in the GDPR, Article 17 is the right to erasure ('right to be forgotten'). Please clarify which regulation you mean.	Article-number collision: AI Act Art 17 (quality management system) vs GDPR Art 17 (right to erasure).
a-amb-003	Explain the obligations set out in Article 9.	ambiguous	both	[]	This is ambiguous: Article 9 exists in both regulations. In the AI Act, Article 9 requires a risk management system for high-risk AI systems; in the GDPR, Article 9 governs the processing of special categories of personal data. Please clarify which regulation you mean.	Article-number collision: AI Act Art 9 (risk management system) vs GDPR Art 9 (special categories of personal data).
a-amb-004	What are the requirements of Article 22?	ambiguous	both	[]	This is ambiguous: Article 22 exists in both regulations. In the AI Act, Article 22 concerns authorised representatives of providers of high-risk AI systems established outside the Union; in the GDPR, Article 22 is the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling. Plea...	Article-number collision: AI Act Art 22 (authorised representatives) vs GDPR Art 22 (automated individual decision-making).

Regulens — EU Regulation Citation QA (golden set)

Hand-authored questions over the EU AI Act and GDPR, each with the article-level citations required to answer it. Built to evaluate citation accuracy of RAG systems over regulatory text.

Provenance & verification

Every required citation was verified against the primary legal text (CELLAR manifestations of CELEX 32024R1689 and 32016R0679, fetched 2026-07-16). Not LLM-generated.

Schema

One JSON object per line in layer_a.jsonl:

id, question, reference_answer
category: definition | obligation | cross_reference | out_of_scope | ambiguous
regulation: ai_act | gdpr | both | none
required_citations: list of {regulation, article, paragraph}

out_of_scope and ambiguous records carry no citations by design — they test refusal and clarification, not retrieval.

Licensing

CC BY 4.0. Derived from EU legislation reusable under Commission Decision 2011/833/EU.

To publish (developer)

Copy this file to README.md in the dataset repo and push layer_a.jsonl: huggingface-cli upload <user>/regulens-eu-citation-qa evals/golden_set/.

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