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Source: Human Development Index. Region: Spain. Rendered as a line chart.
Years 1990 through 2023. Y axis in Human Development Index, displayed 0 to 0.9914.
Plotted values:
1990: 0.766
1991: 0.774
1992: 0.781
1993: 0.789
1994: 0.798
1995: 0.804
1996: 0.811
1997: 0.816
1998: 0.821
1999: 0.825
2000... | Lie Factor 1.0, honest. The chart's visual effect matches the data: the plotted change is shown at its true size on a zero-based, correctly-oriented axis. | null | To determine Tufte's Lie Factor, we compare the percentage change in the underlying data to the percentage change represented visually by the chart's design.
**1. Size of Effect in Data**
* **Start Value (1990):** 0.766
* **End Value (2023):** 0.918
* **Absolute Change:** 0.918 − 0.766 = 0.152
* **Percentage C... | faithful | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | UNDP, Human Development Report (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/human-development-index?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A scatter chart titled "Human Development Index" showing Thailand.
It covers 1990 to 2023. The vertical axis is measured in Human Development Index and is drawn from 0.5732 to 0.8108. It does not start at zero. The axis is inverted, so larger values appear lower.
Plotted values:
1990: 0.584
1991: 0.593
1992: 0.6... | It is increasing. The chart reads as decreasing because the y-axis is inverted, with larger values placed lower. Taking the values as plotted, the series moves from 0.58 to 0.8, a change of +36.64%. | null | Based on the plotted values, the Human Development Index in Thailand is **rising**.
**Work from the values:**
The data increases steadily from 0.584 in 1990 to 0.798 in 2023, an overall increase of 0.214 (+36.64%). While there are minor fluctuations near the end of the timeline (such as a slight dip between 2019 and 2... | inverted_y_axis | contradicted | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | visual_claim_check | UNDP, Human Development Report (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/human-development-index?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: World population growth. Region: India. Rendered as a line chart.
Years 1990 through 2024. Y axis in %, displayed 0 to 2.3749.
Plotted values:
1990: 2.199
1991: 2.137
1992: 2.123
1993: 2.077
1994: 2.012
1995: 2.014
1996: 1.982
1997: 1.951
1998: 1.921
1999: 1.883
2000: 1.875
2001: 1.866
... | Lie Factor 1.0, honest. The chart's visual effect matches the data: the plotted change is shown at its true size on a zero-based, correctly-oriented axis. | null | To determine Tufte's Lie Factor, we compare the size of the effect shown in the graphic to the size of the effect in the data.
**1. Size of the Effect in the Data**
* **Start Value (1990):** 2.199%
* **End Value (2024):** 0.896%
* **Absolute Change:** $2.199 - 0.896 = 1.303$
* **Relative Change (Percentage Dec... | faithful | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | HYDE (2023); Gapminder (2022); UN WPP (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-growth-rate?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: Share of population living in urban areas projected to 2050 — Kenya
Type: line
X axis: Year, 1990 to 2024
Y axis: %, displayed range 0 to 34.4453.
Plotted values:
1990: 18.1963
1991: 18.2983
1992: 18.3803
1993: 18.45
1994: 18.5149
1995: 18.5828
1996: 18.6611
1997: 18.7576
1998: 18.8799
1999:... | Lie Factor 1.0, honest. The chart's visual effect matches the data: the plotted change is shown at its true size on a zero-based, correctly-oriented axis. | null | Tufte's Lie Factor for this chart is **1.0** (honest). The chart's design does not distort the quantitative magnitude of the underlying data.
**Lie Factor Calculation:**
Tufte's Lie Factor is the ratio of the size of the effect shown in the graphic to the size of the effect in the data.
* **Size of effect in data:** ... | faithful | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | HYDE (2023); United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urban-population-share-2050?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: Carbon intensity: CO₂ emissions per dollar of GDP — South Africa
Type: line
X axis: Year, 1990 to 2022
Y axis: kilograms per international-$, displayed range 0 to 1.4802.
Plotted values:
1990: 1.3309
1991: 1.3706
1992: 1.2631
1993: 1.2959
1994: 1.2935
1995: 1.3031
1996: 1.2251
1997: 1.2347
199... | Higher in 2004. The chart gives 1.02 kg/$ for 2004 and 0.86 kg/$ for 2007, a difference of 0.17 kg/$. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
* **2004:** 1.0229 kg per international-$
* **2007:** 0.8565 kg per international-$
Comparing the two figures, 1.0229 is greater than 0.8565.
**Conclusion:** Annual CO₂ emissions per GDP in South Africa were **higher in 2004**. | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | two_point_comparison | Global Carbon Budget (2025); Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023 | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-intensity?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A line chart titled "Share of electricity production from renewables" showing France.
It covers 1995 to 2024. The vertical axis is measured in % and is drawn from 0 to 29.3502.
Plotted values:
1995: 15.0508
1996: 13.2141
1997: 12.9759
1998: 12.5393
1999: 14.1876
2000: 12.7366
2001: 14.0232
2002: 11.372... | Lie Factor 1.0, honest. The chart's visual effect matches the data: the plotted change is shown at its true size on a zero-based, correctly-oriented axis. | null | To determine Tufte's Lie Factor, we compare the magnitude of the change shown in the graphic to the magnitude of the change in the underlying data.
**1. Size of Effect in Data**
Working from the plotted values, we calculate the relative change from the start (1995) to the end (2024) of the series:
* Value in 1995: 1... | faithful | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | Ember (2026); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-renewables?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Tuberculosis death rate in Chile, plotted as a line chart over 2000-2024.
Vertical scale: deaths per 100,000 people, running 1.726 to 5.574. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
2000: 5.2
2001: 5.5
2002: 4.9
2003: 4.7
2004: 4.9
2005: 4.4
2006: 4.2
2007: 3.7
2008: 3
2009: 3.2
2010: 3.5
201... | Lie Factor 1.54, moderate. The truncated axis makes the change look about 1.5x larger than it is. The underlying change is real but modest; the steepness is a property of the axis, not the data. | null | Based on the provided specifications, the chart design significantly distorts the underlying data, yielding a **Lie Factor of approximately 1.5**.
**1. Calculation of Tufte's Lie Factor**
Tufte's Lie Factor is the ratio of the visual effect shown in the graphic to the actual effect in the data.
* **Size of Effect i... | truncated_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | WHO (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/tuberculosis-death-rate?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: Fertility rate: births per woman. Region: Nigeria. Rendered as a line chart.
Years 1990 through 2023. Y axis in live births per woman, displayed 4.3924 to 6.782. It does not start at zero. The axis is inverted, so larger values appear lower.
Plotted values:
1990: 6.459
1991: 6.426
1992: 6.391
1993: 6.3... | Lie Factor -1.0, severe. The magnitude of the change is preserved but its direction is reversed by the inverted axis: the data rises while the chart falls. Any reader trusting the visual gets the sign wrong. | null | **Lie Factor: Approximately -20**
This chart severely distorts the underlying data, reversing the direction of the trend and drastically exaggerating the magnitude of the change.
**Correct Figure:**
The fertility rate in Nigeria **decreased** from 6.459 births per woman in 1990 to 4.482 in 2023, representing an actua... | inverted_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | UN, World Population Prospects (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fertility-rate-with-projections?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A line chart titled "Share of population living in urban areas projected to 2050" showing Vietnam.
It covers 1990 to 2024. The vertical axis is measured in % and is drawn from 0 to 41.5693.
Plotted values:
1990: 19.1735
1991: 19.4397
1992: 19.8253
1993: 20.3058
1994: 20.8568
1995: 21.4538
1996: 22.0725
... | The chart shows that the change happened: share of population living in urban areas moves to 36.65 % in 2021. It does not carry any information about why. This is a single measured series with no covariates, policy dates, or events attached, so any cause I named would be supplied from outside the chart rather than read... | null | Based on the provided values, the share of Vietnam's population living in urban areas increased from 35.5707% in 2020 to 36.6541% in 2021—a rise of 1.0834 percentage points.
The specification cannot answer what **caused** this change. The data consists solely of a single time-series of percentages with no accompanyin... | faithful | unanswerable | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | causal_attribution | HYDE (2023); United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urban-population-share-2050?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A line chart titled "Carbon intensity: CO₂ emissions per dollar of GDP" showing Italy.
It covers 1990 to 2022. The vertical axis is measured in kilograms per international-$ and is drawn from 0.1404 to 0.3138. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1990: 0.297
1991: 0.2901
1992: 0.2859
1993: 0.2813
1994:... | It moved from 0.3 kg/$ in 1990 to 0.16 kg/$ in 2022, a change of -0.14 kg/$ (-46.39%). | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
1. **Value in 1990:** 0.297 kg per international-$
2. **Value in 2022:** 0.1592 kg per international-$
To find the change, subtract the 2022 value from the 1990 value:
$$0.1592 - 0.297 = -0.1378$$
Alternatively, calculating the magnitude of the decrease:
$... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | magnitude_of_change | Global Carbon Budget (2025); Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023 | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-intensity?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A scatter chart titled "CO₂ emissions per capita" showing Vietnam.
It covers 1990 to 2024. The vertical axis is measured in tonnes per person and is drawn from 0 to 3.9928.
Plotted values:
1990: 0.3251
1991: 0.3196
1992: 0.3145
1993: 0.3284
1994: 0.3862
1995: 0.4176
1996: 0.485
1997: 0.613
1998: 0.63... | This chart covers Vietnam only, so Kenya is not plotted and I cannot compare them from it. The chart does support statements about Vietnam on its own: the series runs from 0.33 t/person in 1990 to 3.67 t/person in 2024. | null | The provided specification cannot answer the question because it contains data exclusively for Vietnam; there are no plotted values for Kenya, making a comparison impossible.
Instead, the specification supports an analysis of Vietnam's internal trend: CO₂ emissions per capita increased significantly from 0.3251 tonnes... | faithful | unanswerable | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | absent_entity | Global Carbon Budget (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co-emissions-per-capita?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Meat production in Egypt, plotted as an area chart over 1995-2024.
Vertical scale: tonnes, running 851862.28 to 3653711.72. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1995: 1129312.5
1996: 1123009
1997: 1245121
1998: 1265096
1999: 1343651
2000: 1383645.1
2001: 1400629
2002: 1644192.4
2003: 1569141.5
... | The series peaks in 2024, at 3,382,565 t. The lowest point shown is 1996, at 1,123,009 t. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification, here is the step-by-step analysis to determine the highest meat production value:
1. **Scan the dataset for the maximum value:**
* The values generally trend upward from 1995 (1,129,312.5) to 2021 (3,324,776.2).
* There is a dip in 2022 (2,983,794... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | extremum | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/meat-production-tonnes?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: Share of population living in extreme poverty — Denmark
Type: scatter
X axis: Year, 1992 to 2023
Y axis: %, displayed range -0.072 to 0.672.
Plotted values:
1992: 0.6
1995: 0.1
2000: 0.1
2003: 0.3689
2004: 0.315
2005: 0.2782
2006: 0.195
2007: 0.0852
2008: 0.2967
2009: 0.5659
2010: 0.0573
... | It moved from 0.6 % in 1992 to 0.36 % in 2023, a change of -0.24 % (-40.13%). | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
1. **Value in 1992:** 0.6%
2. **Value in 2023:** 0.3592%
**Calculation:**
$$0.3592 - 0.6 = -0.2408$$
**Finding:**
The share of the population living in extreme poverty in Denmark **decreased by 0.2408 percentage points** between 1992 and 2023. This represe... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | magnitude_of_change | World Bank Poverty and Inequality Platform (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-in-extreme-poverty?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: Military spending as a share of GDP — Vietnam
Type: line
X axis: Year, 1990 to 2024
Y axis: % of GDP, displayed range 1.6813 to 8.3064. It does not start at zero. The axis is inverted, so larger values appear lower.
Plotted values:
1990: 7.9109
1991: 5.5953
1992: 3.3746
1993: 2.2587
1994: 2.6494
200... | Lie Factor -1.0, severe. The magnitude of the change is preserved but its direction is reversed by the inverted axis: the data rises while the chart falls. Any reader trusting the visual gets the sign wrong. | null | **Lie Factor: Approximately -1.0 to -1.2**
This chart severely distorts the underlying data by completely reversing the truth of the trend.
**Data Analysis (Actual Effect)**
* **Start (1990):** 7.9109% of GDP
* **End (2024):** 1.8032% of GDP
* **Net Change:** A decrease of 6.1077 percentage points (a ~77% redu... | inverted_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/military-spending-as-a-share-of-gdp-sipri?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: Share of people who are undernourished — Portugal
Type: area
X axis: Year, 2001 to 2023
Y axis: percent, displayed range 2.475 to 2.525. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
2001: 2.5
2002: 2.5
2003: 2.5
2004: 2.5
2005: 2.5
2006: 2.5
2007: 2.5
2008: 2.5
2009: 2.5
2010: 2.5
2011: 2.5
... | The series peaks in 2001, at 2.5 %. The lowest point shown is 2001, at 2.5 %. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
1. **Analysis of Values**: The data lists the "prevalence of undernourishment" for Portugal as **2.5%** for every single year from 2001 to 2023. There is no variation in the numerical data; the value is constant across the entire timeline.
2. **Analysis of C... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | extremum | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/prevalence-of-undernourishment?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: Share of population living in extreme poverty — Ethiopia
Type: line
X axis: Year, 1995 to 2021
Y axis: %, displayed range 0 to 79.3967.
Plotted values:
1995: 73.5155
1999: 65.8885
2004: 41.3288
2010: 37.4092
2015: 32.999
2021: 38.6361
Question: According to this chart, what was share of population ... | Reading the plotted point for 2010, share of population in poverty ($3 a day) in Ethiopia was 37.41 %. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the chart specification:
The share of the population living in extreme poverty in Ethiopia in **2010** was **37.4092%**.
**Analysis of Chart Mechanics:**
The question asks for the share of population in poverty at "$3 a day," while the chart title specifies "extreme poverty." T... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | value_lookup | World Bank Poverty and Inequality Platform (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-in-extreme-poverty?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: World population growth. Region: India. Rendered as a scatter chart.
Years 1990 through 2024. Y axis in %, displayed 0 to 2.3749.
Plotted values:
1990: 2.199
1991: 2.137
1992: 2.123
1993: 2.077
1994: 2.012
1995: 2.014
1996: 1.982
1997: 1.951
1998: 1.921
1999: 1.883
2000: 1.875
2001: 1.8... | Reading the plotted point for 2004, population growth rate in India was 1.7 %. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
The population growth rate in India in **2004** was **1.696%**.
**Analysis of Chart Mechanism:**
The specification lists the data points directly without describing any visual distortion (such as a truncated axis starting above zero or an inverted scale). The... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | value_lookup | HYDE (2023); Gapminder (2022); UN WPP (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-growth-rate?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: Energy use per person. Region: Vietnam. Rendered as a line chart.
Years 1990 through 2024. Y axis in kilowatt-hours per person, displayed 501.5299 to 15290.3595. It does not start at zero. The axis is inverted, so larger values appear lower.
Plotted values:
1990: 1177.4452
1991: 1173.7494
1992: 1256.847
... | It is increasing. The chart reads as decreasing because the y-axis is inverted, with larger values placed lower. Taking the values as plotted, the series moves from 1,177.45 kWh to 14,618.14 kWh, a change of +1141.51%. | null | Based on the plotted values, per capita energy consumption in Vietnam is **rising**. The data shows a consistent increase from 1,177.45 kWh per person in 1990 to 14,618.14 kWh per person in 2024, representing a growth of over 1,141%.
However, the way the chart is drawn visually reverses this trend. Because the **Y-axi... | inverted_y_axis | contradicted | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | visual_claim_check | U.S. Energy Information Administration (2026); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Life expectancy in Japan, plotted as a scatter chart over 1990-2023.
Vertical scale: years, running 78.3065 to 85.3986. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1990: 78.9928
1991: 79.262
1992: 79.303
1993: 79.4461
1994: 79.8366
1995: 79.6837
1996: 80.3627
1997: 80.5836
1998: 80.6487
1999: 80.612... | Reading the plotted point for 1990, life expectancy in Japan was 78.99 years. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
**Life expectancy in Japan in 1990 was 78.9928 years.**
**Analysis of the Chart Specification:**
The question asks for the value in 1990. The data list explicitly states: `1990: 78.9928`.
Regarding the chart's construction:
* **Vertical Scale:** The scale ... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | value_lookup | Riley (2005); Zijdeman et al. (2015); HMD (2025); UN WPP (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
World population growth in Philippines, plotted as an area chart over 1990-2024.
Vertical scale: %, running 0 to 2.9192.
Plotted values:
1990: 2.683
1991: 2.126
1992: 2.607
1993: 2.207
1994: 2.155
1995: 2.221
1996: 2.385
1997: 2.322
1998: 2.703
1999: 2.413
2000: 2.347
2001: 2.068
2002: 1.988
... | The series peaks in 1998, at 2.7 %. The lowest point shown is 2021, at 0.74 %. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification, here is the analysis to determine the year with the highest population growth rate:
1. **Scan the dataset for the maximum value:**
* 1990: 2.683
* 1992: 2.607
* 1998: **2.703**
* 1999: 2.413
* (All other years are below 2.4)
2. ... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | extremum | HYDE (2023); Gapminder (2022); UN WPP (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-growth-rate?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Tuberculosis death rate in Chile, plotted as an area chart over 2000-2024.
Vertical scale: deaths per 100,000 people, running 0 to 5.94.
Plotted values:
2000: 5.2
2001: 5.5
2002: 4.9
2003: 4.7
2004: 4.9
2005: 4.4
2006: 4.2
2007: 3.7
2008: 3
2009: 3.2
2010: 3.5
2011: 3
2012: 3.1
2013: 3
20... | Higher in 2003. The chart gives 4.7 deaths per 100,000 people for 2003 and 2.5 deaths per 100,000 people for 2024, a difference of 2.2 deaths per 100,000 people. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
* **2003:** 4.7 deaths per 100,000 people
* **2024:** 2.5 deaths per 100,000 people
**Finding:**
The estimated mortality from all forms of tuberculosis per 100,000 population in Chile was **higher in 2003**.
**Analysis:**
Comparing the specific data poin... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | two_point_comparison | WHO (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/tuberculosis-death-rate?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: Life expectancy — Brazil
Type: scatter
X axis: Year, 1990 to 2023
Y axis: years, displayed range 0 to 81.9161.
Plotted values:
1990: 65.8624
1991: 66.203
1992: 66.5393
1993: 66.8923
1994: 67.2934
1995: 67.7006
1996: 68.1084
1997: 68.505
1998: 68.8482
1999: 69.2111
2000: 69.5842
2001: 69.... | It moved from 65.86 years in 1990 to 75.85 years in 2023, a change of 9.99 years (+15.16%). | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
1. **Identify the value for 1990:** 65.8624 years
2. **Identify the value for 2023:** 75.8482 years
3. **Calculate the change:** 75.8482 - 65.8624 = 9.9858 years
**Finding:**
Life expectancy in Brazil increased by **9.9858 years** between 1990 and 2023.
*... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | magnitude_of_change | Riley (2005); Zijdeman et al. (2015); HMD (2025); UN WPP (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: Share of electricity production from renewables — Malaysia
Type: line
X axis: Year, 1995 to 2024
Y axis: %, displayed range 5.9722 to 21.3848. It does not start at zero. The axis is inverted, so larger values appear lower.
Plotted values:
1995: 13.3507
1996: 9.7062
1997: 6.9625
1998: 6.9487
1999: 11.0... | Lie Factor -1.0, severe. The magnitude of the change is preserved but its direction is reversed by the inverted axis: the data rises while the chart falls. Any reader trusting the visual gets the sign wrong. | null | **Lie Factor: Approximately -1.6**
This chart severely distorts the underlying data, primarily through **reversal** and secondarily through **exaggeration**.
### 1. Analysis of the Data (The Truth)
* **Start (1995):** 13.35%
* **End (2024):** 20.37%
* **Net Change:** +7.02 percentage points.
* **Relative Grow... | inverted_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | Ember (2026); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-renewables?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Literacy rates among adults in Philippines, plotted as a line chart over 1990-2020.
Vertical scale: %, running 77.8054 to 113.2546. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1990: 93.57
1994: 93.92
2000: 92.6
2003: 92.59
2008: 95.42
2010: 97.09
2013: 96.4
2015: 98.18
2019: 96.28
2020: 98.47
Quest... | The plotted values run from 93.57 % to 98.47 %, so the actual change is +5.24%. The steepness is partly a property of the axis rather than the data: the y-axis begins at 77.8054 instead of zero, which magnifies the visual change by roughly 3.0x against a zero-based scale. The rise is real, but visually smaller than the... | null | Based on the plotted values, the actual increase in the adult literacy rate from 1990 to 2020 is **4.9 percentage points** (rising from 93.57% to 98.47%). Over 30 years, this is a modest average increase of roughly 0.16 percentage points per year, not a steep rise.
The chart's appearance of a "steep" climb is caused b... | truncated_y_axis | contradicted | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | visual_claim_check | UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/literacy?age_group=adult&sex=both&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Electricity demand in Brazil, plotted as an area chart over 2000-2024.
Vertical scale: terawatt-hours, running 319.4908 to 804.2192. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
2000: 391.92
2001: 366.4
2002: 382.28
2003: 402.58
2004: 424.87
2005: 442.11
2006: 460.61
2007: 483.98
2008: 505.39
2009: 5... | Higher in 2015. The chart gives 460.61 TWh for 2006 and 615.64 TWh for 2015, a difference of 155.03 TWh. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
* **2006:** 460.61 TWh
* **2015:** 615.64 TWh
**Finding:**
Electricity demand in Brazil was **higher in 2015**.
**Analysis of Chart Mechanism:**
The specification notes that the vertical scale runs from 319.4908 to 804.2192 and "does not start at zero." ... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | two_point_comparison | Ember (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/electricity-demand?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Share of population living in urban areas in Denmark, plotted as a line chart over 1990-2024.
Vertical scale: %, running 0 to 95.7917.
Plotted values:
1990: 84.8359
1991: 84.8537
1992: 84.8829
1993: 84.9196
1994: 84.9602
1995: 85.0012
1996: 85.0392
1997: 85.0707
1998: 85.0921
1999: 85.1
2000: 85.... | Lie Factor 1.0, honest. The chart's visual effect matches the data: the plotted change is shown at its true size on a zero-based, correctly-oriented axis. | null | **1. Size of Effect in Data**
Calculate the actual relative change in the underlying values from the start (1990) to the end (2024):
* **Start Value (1990):** 84.8359
* **End Value (2024):** 88.696
* **Absolute Change:** $88.696 - 84.8359 = 3.8601$
* **Relative Change (Data Effect):** $\frac{3.8601}{84.8359} \a... | faithful | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-urban?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A line chart titled "Average years of schooling" showing Germany.
It covers 1970 to 2020. The vertical axis is measured in years and is drawn from 6.98 to 13.22. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1970: 7.1
1975: 7.17
1980: 7.36
1985: 7.73
1990: 8.96
1995: 9.93
2000: 10.59
2005: 11.98
2010: 1... | Lie Factor 2.27, moderate. The truncated axis makes the change look about 2.3x larger than it is. The underlying change is real but modest; the steepness is a property of the axis, not the data. | null | To determine the Lie Factor, we compare the relative change shown in the graphic to the relative change in the underlying data.
**1. Size of Effect in Data**
* **Start Value (1970):** 7.1 years
* **End Value (2020):** 13.1 years
* **Absolute Change:** $13.1 - 7.1 = 6.0$ years
* **Relative Change (Data Effect):... | truncated_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | Barro and Lee (2015); Lee and Lee (2016) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mean-years-of-schooling-long-run?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A bar chart titled "Primary energy consumption" showing Canada.
It covers 1990 to 2024. The vertical axis is measured in terawatt-hours and is drawn from 0 to 4286.6138. The axis is inverted, so larger values appear lower.
Plotted values:
1990: 3008.582
1991: 3020.828
1992: 3101.7253
1993: 3180.0066
1994: 33... | It is increasing. The chart reads as decreasing because the y-axis is inverted, with larger values placed lower. Taking the values as plotted, the series moves from 3,008.58 TWh to 3,886.2 TWh, a change of +29.17%. | null | Based on the plotted values, primary energy consumption in Canada is **rising** overall between 1990 and 2024, though the chart's visual design reverses the standard interpretation of this growth.
**Analysis of Values:**
* **1990:** 3,008.582 TWh
* **2024:** 3,886.195 TWh
* **Net Change:** An increase of approxi... | inverted_y_axis | contradicted | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | visual_claim_check | U.S. Energy Information Administration (2026); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/primary-energy-cons?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
World population growth in Italy, plotted as a line chart over 1990-2024.
Vertical scale: %, running 0 to 0.8996.
Plotted values:
1990: 0.105
1991: 0.049
1992: 0.125
1993: 0.035
1994: 0.833
1995: -0.892
1996: 0.052
1997: 0.043
1998: 0.047
1999: 0.042
2000: 0.067
2001: 0.05
2002: 0.351
2003:... | Lie Factor 1.0, honest. The chart's visual effect matches the data: the plotted change is shown at its true size on a zero-based, correctly-oriented axis. | null | **1. Analysis of Values and Specification**
* **Data Range:** The plotted values range from a maximum of 0.833 (1994) to a minimum of -0.892 (1995). The total data span is $0.833 - (-0.892) = 1.725$. Notably, the data shows consistent negative growth from 2014 to 2024.
* **Chart Scale:** The vertical scale is spec... | faithful | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | HYDE (2023); Gapminder (2022); UN WPP (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-growth-rate?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: Energy use per person. Region: Vietnam. Rendered as an area chart.
Years 1990 through 2024. Y axis in kilowatt-hours per person, displayed -439.5775 to 16231.4669.
Plotted values:
1990: 1177.4452
1991: 1173.7494
1992: 1256.847
1993: 1407.9246
1994: 1544.6514
1995: 1764.7858
1996: 1992.6161
1997... | Higher in 2013. The chart gives 1,173.75 kWh for 1991 and 7,244.14 kWh for 2013, a difference of 6,070.39 kWh. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
* **1991:** 1173.7494 kWh per person
* **2013:** 7244.138 kWh per person
Comparing the two figures, 7244.138 is significantly greater than 1173.7494.
**Conclusion:** Per capita energy consumption in Vietnam was higher in **2013**.
There is no indication... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | two_point_comparison | U.S. Energy Information Administration (2026); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: Carbon intensity: CO₂ emissions per dollar of GDP. Region: Portugal. Rendered as a bar chart.
Years 1990 through 2022. Y axis in kilograms per international-$, displayed 0 to 0.3152.
Plotted values:
1990: 0.2646
1991: 0.264
1992: 0.277
1993: 0.2698
1994: 0.269
1995: 0.2843
1996: 0.26
1997: 0.26... | This chart covers Portugal only, so Kenya is not plotted and I cannot compare them from it. The chart does support statements about Portugal on its own: the series runs from 0.26 kg/$ in 1990 to 0.14 kg/$ in 2022. | null | The specification cannot answer the question because it contains data exclusively for Portugal; there are no plotted values for Kenya, making a comparison impossible.
Instead, the specification supports an analysis of Portugal's carbon intensity trend from 1990 to 2022. The values show that Portugal's carbon intensity... | faithful | unanswerable | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | absent_entity | Global Carbon Budget (2025); Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023 | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-intensity?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Share of population living in urban areas in Peru, plotted as an area chart over 1990-2024.
Vertical scale: %, running 66.9795 to 87.1425. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1990: 68.9308
1991: 69.3117
1992: 69.7001
1993: 70.0998
1994: 70.5003
1995: 70.8899
1996: 71.2711
1997: 71.6471
1998: 7... | Higher in 2022. The chart gives 71.65 % for 1997 and 84.37 % for 2022, a difference of 12.72 %. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
* **1997:** 71.6471%
* **2022:** 84.3664%
**Finding:**
The share of the population living in urban areas in Peru was **higher in 2022**.
**Analysis of Chart Mechanism:**
The values show a clear increase of approximately 12.7 percentage points between 199... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | two_point_comparison | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-urban?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: Forest area — Turkey
Type: area
X axis: Year, 1995 to 2024
Y axis: hectares, displayed range 0 to 24503774.4.
Plotted values:
1995: 19965916
1996: 20002402
1997: 20038888
1998: 20075376
1999: 20111862
2000: 20148350
2001: 20241822
2002: 20335296
2003: 20428768
2004: 20522242
2005: 20615714... | The series peaks in 2024, at 22,688,680 ha. The lowest point shown is 1995, at 19,965,916 ha. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
1. **Analyze the data trend**: The values for forest area in hectares show a consistent year-over-year increase from 1995 (19,965,916) through 2024.
2. **Identify the maximum value**: Comparing the numerical values listed:
* 2023: 22,571,600
* 20... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | extremum | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/forest-area-km?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: Life expectancy. Region: Nigeria. Rendered as a line chart.
Years 1990 through 2023. Y axis in years, displayed 40.1695 to 59.776. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1990: 45.7327
1991: 45.4832
1992: 45.5874
1993: 45.7826
1994: 45.7476
1995: 45.8701
1996: 45.8328
1997: 45.9598
1998: 4... | Lie Factor 3.00, moderate. The truncated axis makes the change look about 3.0x larger than it is. The underlying change is real but modest; the steepness is a property of the axis, not the data. | null | To determine the severity of the distortion, we calculate Tufte's Lie Factor by comparing the percentage change depicted visually (graphic effect) against the actual percentage change in the data (data effect).
**1. Size of Effect in Data**
* **Start Value (1990):** 45.7327
* **End Value (2023):** 54.4623
* **Ab... | truncated_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | Riley (2005); Zijdeman et al. (2015); HMD (2025); UN WPP (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Meat production in Poland, plotted as a line chart over 1995-2024.
Vertical scale: tonnes, running 2746156 to 5728007.775. It does not start at zero. The axis is inverted, so larger values appear lower.
Plotted values:
1995: 2802200
1996: 2948255
1997: 2820300
1998: 3004217
1999: 3026900
2000: 2888000
20... | Lie Factor -1.0, severe. The magnitude of the change is preserved but its direction is reversed by the inverted axis: the data rises while the chart falls. Any reader trusting the visual gets the sign wrong. | null | **1. Analysis of the Underlying Data (Size of Effect in Data)**
* **Start (1995):** 2,802,200 tonnes
* **End (2024):** 5,455,245.5 tonnes
* **Percentage Change:** $\frac{5,455,245.5 - 2,802,200}{2,802,200} \approx \mathbf{+94.7\%}$
The data shows that meat production in Poland nearly doubled, representing a sign... | inverted_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/meat-production-tonnes?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: Fertility rate: births per woman. Region: China. Rendered as a scatter chart.
Years 1990 through 2023. Y axis in live births per woman, displayed 0.8172 to 2.6958. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1990: 2.514
1991: 1.934
1992: 1.776
1993: 1.691
1994: 1.628
1995: 1.588
1996: 1.554
1997... | Higher in 2008. The chart gives 1.57 live births per woman for 2003 and 1.7 live births per woman for 2008, a difference of 0.13 live births per woman. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
* **2003**: 1.57 live births per woman
* **2008**: 1.701 live births per woman
Comparing the two figures, 1.701 is greater than 1.57.
**Conclusion:** The fertility rate in China was higher in **2008**.
Regarding the chart rendering: The specification no... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | two_point_comparison | UN, World Population Prospects (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fertility-rate-with-projections?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Electricity demand in Brazil, plotted as a line chart over 2000-2024.
Vertical scale: terawatt-hours, running 0 to 817.8948.
Plotted values:
2000: 391.92
2001: 366.4
2002: 382.28
2003: 402.58
2004: 424.87
2005: 442.11
2006: 460.61
2007: 483.98
2008: 505.39
2009: 506.15
2010: 550.45
2011: 567.65... | Lie Factor 1.0, honest. The chart's visual effect matches the data: the plotted change is shown at its true size on a zero-based, correctly-oriented axis. | null | To determine Tufte's Lie Factor, we compare the size of the effect shown in the graphic to the size of the effect in the data.
**1. Size of the Effect in the Data**
Calculating the change in electricity demand from the start (2000) to the end (2024):
* **Start Value (2000):** 391.92 TWh
* **End Value (2024):** 757... | faithful | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | Ember (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/electricity-demand?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: Forest area — Turkey
Type: area
X axis: Year, 1995 to 2024
Y axis: hectares, displayed range 19639184.32 to 23015411.68. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1995: 19965916
1996: 20002402
1997: 20038888
1998: 20075376
1999: 20111862
2000: 20148350
2001: 20241822
2002: 20335296
2003: 2042... | Higher in 2019. The chart gives 20,111,862 ha for 1999 and 22,102,348 ha for 2019, a difference of 1,990,486 ha. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
* **1999:** 20,111,862 hectares
* **2019:** 22,102,348 hectares
**Finding:**
The forest area in Turkey was **higher in 2019**.
**Analysis of Chart Mechanism:**
The data shows a consistent increase of approximately 1.99 million hectares between 1999 and 2... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | two_point_comparison | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/forest-area-km?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: Maternal mortality ratio. Region: United Kingdom. Rendered as a line chart.
Years 2000 through 2023. Y axis in Deaths per 100 000 live births, displayed 8.1687 to 15.3101. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
2000: 12.0383
2001: 12.5377
2002: 13.2004
2003: 13.5556
2004: 13.1026
2005: 12.297
... | Lie Factor 2.29, moderate. The truncated axis makes the change look about 2.3x larger than it is. The underlying change is real but modest; the steepness is a property of the axis, not the data. | null | The chart's design severely distorts the underlying data through a **truncated Y-axis (non-zero baseline)**, yielding a Lie Factor that ranges from approximately **2.1** for the overall trend to as high as **60.5** for specific local comparisons.
### 1. Analysis of the Data Effect
We first establish the actual magnitu... | truncated_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | World Health Organization - Global Health Observatory (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/maternal-mortality-ratio-who-gho?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: Child mortality rate — Mexico
Type: area
X axis: Year, 1995 to 2024
Y axis: deaths per 100 live births, displayed range 1.046 to 3.774. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1995: 3.51
1996: 3.34
1997: 3.18
1998: 3.02
1999: 2.88
2000: 2.74
2001: 2.62
2002: 2.5
2003: 2.39
2004: 2.3
200... | Reading the plotted point for 2007, under-five mortality rate (selected) in Mexico was 2.07 %. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
The under-five mortality rate in Mexico in **2007** was **2.07** deaths per 100 live births.
**Analysis of Chart Mechanism:**
The specification notes that the Y-axis display range is 1.046 to 3.774 and "does not start at zero." While this truncated axis techn... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | value_lookup | Gapminder (2015); UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/child-mortality?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: Average years of schooling. Region: China. Rendered as a line chart.
Years 1970 through 2020. Y axis in years, displayed 0 to 9.7092.
Plotted values:
1970: 4.16
1975: 4.83
1980: 5.74
1985: 6.16
1990: 6.45
1995: 7.17
2000: 7.79
2005: 8.02
2010: 8.25
2015: 8.51
2020: 8.99
Question: On Tuft... | Lie Factor 1.0, honest. The chart's visual effect matches the data: the plotted change is shown at its true size on a zero-based, correctly-oriented axis. | null | To determine the chart's Lie Factor, we compare the effect shown in the graphic to the effect in the underlying data.
**1. Size of Effect in Data**
Calculate the proportional change in the actual data values from the start (1970) to the end (2020):
* Start Value (1970): 4.16
* End Value (2020): 8.99
* Absolute Change:... | faithful | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | Barro and Lee (2015); Lee and Lee (2016) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mean-years-of-schooling-long-run?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: World population growth. Region: India. Rendered as a line chart.
Years 1990 through 2024. Y axis in %, displayed 0.669 to 2.229. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1990: 2.199
1991: 2.137
1992: 2.123
1993: 2.077
1994: 2.012
1995: 2.014
1996: 1.982
1997: 1.951
1998: 1.921
1999: 1.88... | Lie Factor 1.52, moderate. The truncated axis makes the change look about 1.5x larger than it is. The underlying change is real but modest; the steepness is a property of the axis, not the data. | null | **1. Calculate the Size of Effect in the Data**
First, determine the actual magnitude of change in the underlying numbers over the chart's full period (1990–2024).
* **Start Value (1990):** 2.199%
* **End Value (2024):** 0.896%
* **Absolute Decline:** $2.199 - 0.896 = 1.303$ percentage points.
* **Relative Decl... | truncated_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | HYDE (2023); Gapminder (2022); UN WPP (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-growth-rate?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: CO₂ emissions per capita — Chile
Type: scatter
X axis: Year, 1990 to 2024
Y axis: tonnes per person, displayed range 1.9575 to 5.0946. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1990: 2.449
1991: 2.2611
1992: 2.3048
1993: 2.4179
1994: 2.6526
1995: 2.861
1996: 3.2731
1997: 3.7463
1998: 3.785
... | It moved from 2.45 t/person in 1990 to 3.98 t/person in 2024, a change of 1.53 t/person (+62.64%). | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
1. **Value in 1990:** 2.449 tonnes per person
2. **Value in 2024:** 3.9831 tonnes per person
**Calculation:**
$$3.9831 - 2.449 = 1.5341$$
**Finding:**
CO₂ emissions per capita in Chile **increased by 1.5341 tonnes per person** between 1990 and 2024. This r... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | magnitude_of_change | Global Carbon Budget (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co-emissions-per-capita?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Human Development Index in Peru, plotted as a bar chart over 1990-2023.
Vertical scale: Human Development Index, running 0 to 0.8337. The axis is inverted, so larger values appear lower.
Plotted values:
1990: 0.625
1991: 0.628
1992: 0.629
1993: 0.633
1994: 0.644
1995: 0.654
1996: 0.658
1997: 0.663
19... | It is increasing. The chart reads as decreasing because the y-axis is inverted, with larger values placed lower. Taking the values as plotted, the series moves from 0.62 to 0.79, a change of +27.04%. | null | Based on the plotted values, the Human Development Index (HDI) in Peru is **rising**.
**Work from the values:**
The data shows an overall upward trend, starting at 0.625 in 1990 and reaching 0.794 in 2023—an increase of roughly 27%. While there are minor temporary dips (such as in 2003, 2005, and 2020–2021), the long-... | inverted_y_axis | contradicted | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | visual_claim_check | UNDP, Human Development Report (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/human-development-index?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Electricity demand in India, plotted as a bar chart over 2000-2024.
Vertical scale: terawatt-hours, running 0 to 2196.9576.
Plotted values:
2000: 572.69
2001: 587.38
2002: 610.99
2003: 639.82
2004: 700.02
2005: 706.07
2006: 747.17
2007: 801.2
2008: 834.25
2009: 883.93
2010: 941.94
2011: 1037.44... | Higher in 2015. The chart gives 941.94 TWh for 2010 and 1,310.65 TWh for 2015, a difference of 368.71 TWh. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
* **2010:** 941.94 TWh
* **2015:** 1310.65 TWh
Comparing the two figures, 1310.65 is greater than 941.94.
**Conclusion:** Electricity demand in India was higher in **2015**.
There is no indication in the provided text that the chart drawing mechanism (b... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | two_point_comparison | Ember (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/electricity-demand?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A line chart titled "Carbon intensity: CO₂ emissions per dollar of GDP" showing Argentina.
It covers 1990 to 2022. The vertical axis is measured in kilograms per international-$ and is drawn from 0.2107 to 0.3477. It does not start at zero. The axis is inverted, so larger values appear lower.
Plotted values:
1990: 0... | Lie Factor -1.0, severe. The magnitude of the change is preserved but its direction is reversed by the inverted axis: the data rises while the chart falls. Any reader trusting the visual gets the sign wrong. | null | To determine the severity of the distortion using Tufte's Lie Factor, we must compare the size of the effect in the data to the size of the effect shown in the graphic.
**1. Size of Effect in Data**
We calculate the actual percentage change from the start (1990) to the end (2022):
* Start Value (1990): 0.3312
* En... | inverted_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | Global Carbon Budget (2025); Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023 | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-intensity?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Military spending as a share of GDP in Indonesia, plotted as a scatter chart over 1990-2024.
Vertical scale: % of GDP, running 0 to 1.6176.
Plotted values:
1990: 1.4105
1991: 1.3241
1992: 1.3569
1993: 1.2236
1994: 1.2662
1995: 1.2263
1996: 1.2644
1997: 1.4977
1998: 1.0191
1999: 0.8108
2000: 0.684... | The series peaks in 1997, at 1.5 %. The lowest point shown is 2009, at 0.57 %. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification, here is the step-by-step analysis to determine the highest value:
1. **Scan the dataset for the maximum value:**
* 1990–1996 values range between 1.2236 and 1.4105.
* **1997: 1.4977**
* 1998 drops significantly to 1.0191.
* All subsequ... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | extremum | Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/military-spending-as-a-share-of-gdp-sipri?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A line chart titled "CO₂ emissions per capita" showing Ethiopia.
It covers 1990 to 2024. The vertical axis is measured in tonnes per person and is drawn from 0.0264 to 0.1615. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1990: 0.0627
1991: 0.0595
1992: 0.0566
1993: 0.0557
1994: 0.0395
1995: 0.0436
1996: 0.... | Higher in 2011. The chart gives 0.05 t/person for 1997 and 0.08 t/person for 2011, a difference of 0.03 t/person. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
* **1997:** 0.0485 tonnes per person
* **2011:** 0.079 tonnes per person
Comparing the two figures, 0.079 is greater than 0.0485.
**Finding:** CO₂ emissions per capita in Ethiopia were **higher in 2011**.
**Note on Chart Mechanics:**
The specification n... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | two_point_comparison | Global Carbon Budget (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co-emissions-per-capita?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: GDP per capita — Vietnam
Type: area
X axis: Year, 1995 to 2024
Y axis: international-$ in 2021 prices, displayed range 0 to 15568.4333.
Plotted values:
1995: 3328.2148
1996: 3584.029
1997: 3820.3025
1998: 3982.958
1999: 4119.0537
2000: 4349.2236
2001: 4570.2686
2002: 4809.6216
2003: 5090.29
... | It moved from 3,328.21 $ in 1995 to 14,415.22 $ in 2024, a change of 11,087 $ (+333.12%). | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the chart specification:
1. **Value in 1995:** 3,328.2148 international-$
2. **Value in 2024:** 14,415.216 international-$
To find the change, subtract the 1995 value from the 2024 value:
$$14,415.216 - 3,328.2148 = 11,087.0012$$
**Answer:**
The GDP per capita for Vietnam in... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | magnitude_of_change | Eurostat, OECD, IMF, and World Bank (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gdp-per-capita-worldbank?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: Share of population living in urban areas. Region: France. Rendered as an area chart.
Years 1990 through 2024. Y axis in %, displayed 62.2498 to 90.6178. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1990: 74.0676
1991: 74.2198
1992: 74.4051
1993: 74.6169
1994: 74.8499
1995: 75.0991
1996: 75.3593
... | The plotted values run from 74.07 % to 78.8 %, so the actual change is +6.39%. The steepness is partly a property of the axis rather than the data: the y-axis begins at 62.2498 instead of zero, which magnifies the visual change by roughly 3.0x against a zero-based scale. The rise is real, but visually smaller than the ... | null | Based on the plotted values, the actual increase from 1990 to 2024 is **4.73 percentage points** (rising from 74.07% to 78.8%). This represents a gradual average growth of roughly 0.14 percentage points per year, and the data even shows a slight decline between 2004 (77.49%) and 2010 (77.10%), contradicting a narrative... | truncated_y_axis | contradicted | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | visual_claim_check | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-urban?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A scatter chart titled "Fertility rate: births per woman" showing Japan.
It covers 1990 to 2023. The vertical axis is measured in live births per woman and is drawn from 1.1719 to 1.5451. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1990: 1.509
1991: 1.504
1992: 1.478
1993: 1.44
1994: 1.468
1995: 1.407
199... | It moved from 1.51 live births per woman in 1990 to 1.21 live births per woman in 2023, a change of -0.3 live births per woman (-19.95%). | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
1. **Identify the starting value (1990):** 1.509 births per woman.
2. **Identify the ending value (2023):** 1.208 births per woman.
3. **Calculate the change:** $1.208 - 1.509 = -0.301$.
**Finding:**
The fertility rate in Japan decreased by **0.301 births ... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | magnitude_of_change | UN, World Population Prospects (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fertility-rate-with-projections?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: Forest area — Turkey
Type: area
X axis: Year, 1995 to 2024
Y axis: hectares, displayed range 0 to 24503774.4.
Plotted values:
1995: 19965916
1996: 20002402
1997: 20038888
1998: 20075376
1999: 20111862
2000: 20148350
2001: 20241822
2002: 20335296
2003: 20428768
2004: 20522242
2005: 20615714... | That year is outside this chart. The series runs 1995 to 2024, and 1980 falls before it begins, so there is no value to read. The earliest point available is 1995, at 19,965,916 ha. | null | The provided specification **cannot answer** the question regarding the forest area for Turkey in 1980.
**Reasoning:**
The data points explicitly listed in the specification cover the range from **1995 to 2024**. There are no plotted values, extrapolated trends, or axis markers provided for the year 1980. Therefore, t... | faithful | unanswerable | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | out_of_range | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/forest-area-km?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Annual CO₂ emissions in Turkey, plotted as a line chart over 1990-2024.
Vertical scale: tonnes, running 151480658 to 538686330. It does not start at zero. The axis is inverted, so larger values appear lower.
Plotted values:
1990: 154572100
1991: 161125940
1992: 167234000
1993: 174291140
1994: 170592420
199... | Lie Factor -1.0, severe. The magnitude of the change is preserved but its direction is reversed by the inverted axis: the data rises while the chart falls. Any reader trusting the visual gets the sign wrong. | null | ### 1. Size of Effect in Data
First, we establish the true magnitude and direction of the change from the provided values:
* **Start Value (1990):** 154,572,100 tonnes
* **End Value (2024):** 513,034,600 tonnes
* **Percentage Change (Data Effect):** $$ \frac{513,034,600 - 154,572,100}{154,572,100} \approx \mathbf... | inverted_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | Global Carbon Budget (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-co2-emissions-per-country?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A bar chart titled "Share of electricity production from renewables" showing United Kingdom.
It covers 1995 to 2024. The vertical axis is measured in % and is drawn from -4.2614 to 56.5306.
Plotted values:
1995: 1.9797
1996: 1.6217
1997: 2.0475
1998: 2.3848
1999: 2.6131
2000: 2.6282
2001: 2.4794
2002: ... | It moved from 1.98 % in 1995 to 50.65 % in 2024, a change of 48.67 %. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
1. **Value in 1995**: 1.9797%
2. **Value in 2024**: 50.6475%
To find the change, subtract the 1995 value from the 2024 value:
$$50.6475 - 1.9797 = 48.6678$$
The share of electricity production from renewables in the United Kingdom increased by **48.6678 pe... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | magnitude_of_change | Ember (2026); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-electricity-renewables?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: Fertility rate: births per woman. Region: India. Rendered as a scatter chart.
Years 1990 through 2023. Y axis in live births per woman, displayed 0 to 4.3686.
Plotted values:
1990: 4.045
1991: 3.959
1992: 3.877
1993: 3.799
1994: 3.723
1995: 3.651
1996: 3.582
1997: 3.514
1998: 3.446
1999: 3.... | It moved from 4.04 live births per woman in 1990 to 1.98 live births per woman in 2023, a change of -2.07 live births per woman (-51.17%). | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
1. **Identify the starting value (1990):** 4.045 births per woman.
2. **Identify the ending value (2023):** 1.975 births per woman.
3. **Calculate the change:** $1.975 - 4.045 = -2.07$.
**Finding:**
The fertility rate in India decreased by **2.07 births pe... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | magnitude_of_change | UN, World Population Prospects (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fertility-rate-with-projections?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A bar chart titled "Tuberculosis death rate" showing Ethiopia.
It covers 2000 to 2024. The vertical axis is measured in deaths per 100,000 people and is drawn from 0 to 204.12.
Plotted values:
2000: 189
2001: 168
2002: 141
2003: 124
2004: 109
2005: 100
2006: 94
2007: 84
2008: 71
2009: 61
2010: 53... | The series peaks in 2000, at 189 deaths per 100,000 people. The lowest point shown is 2024, at 16 deaths per 100,000 people. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
1. **Analyze the data points**: I will review the "deaths per 100,000 people" for each year listed to identify the maximum value.
* 2000: 189
* 2001: 168
* 2002: 141
* ... (values decrease consistently until 2012)
* 2013: 46 (a s... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | extremum | WHO (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/tuberculosis-death-rate?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Share of the population using the Internet in Thailand, plotted as a line chart over 1995-2024.
Vertical scale: % of population, running -10.8203 to 101.7623.
Plotted values:
1995: 0.0748
1996: 0.115
1997: 0.361
1998: 1.09
1999: 2.43
2000: 3.689
2001: 5.5563
2002: 7.5312
2003: 9.299
2004: 10.6773
... | Higher in 2023. The chart gives 0.36 % for 1997 and 89.54 % for 2023, a difference of 89.17 %. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
* **1997**: 0.361%
* **2023**: 89.5353%
**Finding:**
The share of the population using the internet in Thailand was significantly **higher in 2023**.
**Analysis:**
The value for 2023 (89.5353%) is approximately 248 times larger than the value for 1997 (0... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | two_point_comparison | World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database - International Telecommunication Union (ITU), via World Bank (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-individuals-using-the-internet?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: Tuberculosis death rate — Vietnam
Type: bar
X axis: Year, 2000 to 2024
Y axis: deaths per 100,000 people, displayed range 0 to 50.76.
Plotted values:
2000: 47
2001: 44
2002: 39
2003: 39
2004: 35
2005: 36
2006: 34
2007: 30
2008: 27
2009: 30
2010: 28
2011: 26
2012: 23
2013: 22
2014: ... | It moved from 47 deaths per 100,000 people in 2000 to 12 deaths per 100,000 people in 2024, a change of -35 deaths per 100,000 people (-74.47%). | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
1. **Identify the value for the start year (2000):** 47 deaths per 100,000 people.
2. **Identify the value for the end year (2024):** 12 deaths per 100,000 people.
3. **Calculate the change:** $12 - 47 = -35$.
**Finding:**
The estimated mortality from all ... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | magnitude_of_change | WHO (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/tuberculosis-death-rate?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A line chart titled "Electricity demand" showing Nigeria.
It covers 2000 to 2024. The vertical axis is measured in terawatt-hours and is drawn from 11.8544 to 41.4656. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
2000: 14.72
2001: 15.44
2002: 21.52
2003: 20.16
2004: 24.27
2005: 23.55
2006: 23.12
2007: 22... | Reading the plotted point for 2024, electricity demand in Nigeria was 35.26 TWh. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification, the electricity demand in Nigeria in 2024 was **35.26 terawatt-hours**.
**Analysis of Chart Mechanics:**
The specification notes that the vertical axis ranges from 11.8544 to 41.4656 and **does not start at zero**.
* **Mechanism:** This is known as a **trunc... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | value_lookup | Ember (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/electricity-demand?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: Carbon intensity: CO₂ emissions per dollar of GDP. Region: Portugal. Rendered as a line chart.
Years 1990 through 2022. Y axis in kilograms per international-$, displayed 0 to 0.3152.
Plotted values:
1990: 0.2646
1991: 0.264
1992: 0.277
1993: 0.2698
1994: 0.269
1995: 0.2843
1996: 0.26
1997: 0.2... | Lie Factor 1.0, honest. The chart's visual effect matches the data: the plotted change is shown at its true size on a zero-based, correctly-oriented axis. | null | **1. Size of Effect in Data**
Calculate the actual percentage change in the underlying data between the start and end years:
* **Start Value (1990):** 0.2646
* **End Value (2022):** 0.1377
* **Percentage Change:** $\frac{0.1377 - 0.2646}{0.2646} \approx -47.96\%$ (a decrease of roughly 48%)
**2. Size of Effect S... | faithful | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | Global Carbon Budget (2025); Bolt and van Zanden – Maddison Project Database 2023 | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-intensity?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Energy use per person in Chile, plotted as a line chart over 1990-2024.
Vertical scale: kilowatt-hours per person, running 0 to 28344.8851.
Plotted values:
1990: 11585.809
1991: 12806.18
1992: 13986.307
1993: 14552.833
1994: 15051.502
1995: 15986.057
1996: 16685.5
1997: 18822.027
1998: 18606.53
199... | Lie Factor 1.0, honest. The chart's visual effect matches the data: the plotted change is shown at its true size on a zero-based, correctly-oriented axis. | null | To determine Tufte's Lie Factor, we compare the size of the effect shown in the graphic to the size of the effect in the data.
**1. Size of the Effect in the Data**
The data shows an upward trend in energy use per person in Chile from 1990 to 2024.
* **Start Value (1990):** 11,585.809 kWh/person
* **End Value (202... | faithful | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | U.S. Energy Information Administration (2026); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
An area chart titled "Electricity demand" showing China.
It covers 2000 to 2024. The vertical axis is measured in terawatt-hours and is drawn from 0 to 10875.4704.
Plotted values:
2000: 1346.85
2001: 1472.19
2002: 1645.61
2003: 1903.22
2004: 2197.23
2005: 2494.08
2006: 2858.84
2007: 3271.23
2008: 348... | Higher in 2021. The chart gives 1,903.22 TWh for 2003 and 8,520.02 TWh for 2021, a difference of 6,616.8 TWh. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
* **2003 Electricity Demand:** 1,903.22 TWh
* **2021 Electricity Demand:** 8,520.02 TWh
Comparing the two figures, 8,520.02 is significantly greater than 1,903.22.
**Conclusion:**
Electricity demand in China was higher in **2021**.
There is no indicatio... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | two_point_comparison | Ember (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/electricity-demand?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: Maternal mortality ratio. Region: United Kingdom. Rendered as a line chart.
Years 2000 through 2023. Y axis in Deaths per 100 000 live births, displayed 8.6723 to 15.4823. It does not start at zero.
The chart displays only 2014-2022. Full series below.
Plotted values:
2000: 12.0383
2001: 12.5377
2002: 1... | Within the window shown (2014-2022) the series moves +68.93%, but that window runs against the longer record. Across the full series (2000-2023) the change is -31.00%, in the opposite direction. The chart is accurate for the years it covers and unrepresentative of the trend. | null | Based on the full series of values, the long-run direction of the maternal mortality ratio in the United Kingdom is **downward** (improving), decreasing from 12.0383 in 2000 to 8.306 in 2023—a drop of roughly 31%. However, the chart's rendering **reverses** this long-run reality, suggesting a sharp upward trend due to ... | cherry_picked_window | contradicted | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | visual_claim_check | World Health Organization - Global Health Observatory (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/maternal-mortality-ratio-who-gho?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A scatter chart titled "CO₂ emissions per capita" showing Egypt.
It covers 1990 to 2024. The vertical axis is measured in tonnes per person and is drawn from 1.0958 to 2.5877. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1990: 1.2481
1991: 1.2402
1992: 1.2592
1993: 1.4438
1994: 1.3608
1995: 1.4922
1996: 1.... | Higher in 2010. The chart gives 1.25 t/person for 1990 and 2.27 t/person for 2010, a difference of 1.02 t/person. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
* **1990:** 1.2481 tonnes per person
* **2010:** 2.2726 tonnes per person
**Finding:**
CO₂ emissions per capita in Egypt were **higher in 2010**.
**Analysis of Chart Mechanism:**
The specification notes that the vertical axis ranges from **1.0958 to 2.58... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | two_point_comparison | Global Carbon Budget (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co-emissions-per-capita?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A line chart titled "Military spending as a share of GDP" showing Kenya.
It covers 1990 to 2024. The vertical axis is measured in % of GDP and is drawn from 0 to 3.1193.
Plotted values:
1990: 2.8882
1991: 2.3543
1992: 1.9007
1993: 1.8377
1994: 1.6413
1995: 1.6467
1996: 1.418
1997: 1.3406
1998: 1.2201... | Reading the plotted point for 2004, military expenditure (% of gdp) in Kenya was 1.61 %. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
The military expenditure as a share of GDP in Kenya in **2004** was **1.6142%**.
**Analysis of the Chart Specification:**
The data point for 2004 is explicitly listed as `2004: 1.6142`. There is no discrepancy between the listed values and a standard linear i... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | value_lookup | Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/military-spending-as-a-share-of-gdp-sipri?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Energy use per person in Chile, plotted as an area chart over 1990-2024.
Vertical scale: kilowatt-hours per person, running 9826.6744 to 28004.3986. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1990: 11585.809
1991: 12806.18
1992: 13986.307
1993: 14552.833
1994: 15051.502
1995: 15986.057
1996: 16685.5
19... | Reading the plotted point for 2014, per capita energy consumption in Chile was 22,924.85 kWh. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
The per capita energy consumption in Chile in **2014** was **22,924.852 kilowatt-hours**.
**Analysis of Chart Mechanics:**
The question asks for the value "according to this chart." The specification describes an area chart with a vertical scale running from ... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | value_lookup | U.S. Energy Information Administration (2026); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A line chart titled "Share of adults who are obese" showing Argentina.
It covers 1990 to 2024. The vertical axis is measured in % and is drawn from 12.5624 to 39.9595. It does not start at zero. The axis is inverted, so larger values appear lower.
Plotted values:
1990: 12.8187
1991: 13.3108
1992: 13.8127
1993:... | Lie Factor -1.0, severe. The magnitude of the change is preserved but its direction is reversed by the inverted axis: the data rises while the chart falls. Any reader trusting the visual gets the sign wrong. | null | **1. Analysis of the Underlying Data**
First, we calculate the actual change in the data:
* **Start Value (1990):** 12.8187%
* **End Value (2024):** 38.0566%
* **Relative Change:** (38.0566 - 12.8187) / 12.8187 ≈ +1.97 (a **197% increase**)
The data shows a substantial, consistent increase—obesity rates nearly t... | inverted_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | World Health Organization - Global Health Observatory (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-adults-defined-as-obese?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
An area chart titled "Life expectancy" showing India.
It covers 1990 to 2023. The vertical axis is measured in years and is drawn from 57.0123 to 73.6087. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1990: 58.6184
1991: 59.0324
1992: 59.445
1993: 59.823
1994: 60.2372
1995: 60.6295
1996: 61.0269
1997: 61.... | Reading the plotted point for 2009, life expectancy in India was 66.7 years. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
1. **Locate the year:** Find the entry for **2009** in the list.
2. **Read the value:** The corresponding value is **66.7001**.
**Analysis of Chart Mechanics:**
The specification notes that the vertical axis starts at **57.0123** rather than zero. While thi... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | value_lookup | Riley (2005); Zijdeman et al. (2015); HMD (2025); UN WPP (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Human Development Index in Peru, plotted as a bar chart over 1990-2023.
Vertical scale: Human Development Index, running 0.6047 to 0.8143. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1990: 0.625
1991: 0.628
1992: 0.629
1993: 0.633
1994: 0.644
1995: 0.654
1996: 0.658
1997: 0.663
1998: 0.671
1999: 0.6... | It moved from 0.62 in 1990 to 0.79 in 2023, a change of 0.17 (+27.04%). | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
1. **Value in 1990**: 0.625
2. **Value in 2023**: 0.794
To find the change, subtract the 1990 value from the 2023 value:
$$0.794 - 0.625 = 0.169$$
**Finding:**
The Human Development Index for Peru increased by **0.169** between 1990 and 2023.
**Note on Ch... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | magnitude_of_change | UNDP, Human Development Report (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/human-development-index?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A line chart titled "Maternal mortality ratio" showing Portugal.
It covers 2000 to 2023. The vertical axis is measured in Deaths per 100 000 live births and is drawn from 7.7651 to 19.7079. It does not start at zero. The axis is inverted, so larger values appear lower.
Plotted values:
2000: 9.4159
2001: 9.197
20... | Lie Factor -1.0, severe. The magnitude of the change is preserved but its direction is reversed by the inverted axis: the data rises while the chart falls. Any reader trusting the visual gets the sign wrong. | null | **1. Analysis of the Underlying Data**
First, we establish the actual trend from the provided values (the "Size of effect in data"):
* **Start (2000):** 9.4159
* **End (2023):** 14.9452
* **Net Change:** +5.5293
* **Percentage Change:** (14.9452 - 9.4159) / 9.4159 ≈ **+58.7%**
* **Direction:** Maternal mortal... | inverted_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | World Health Organization - Global Health Observatory (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/maternal-mortality-ratio-who-gho?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A line chart titled "Share of population living in urban areas projected to 2050" showing Vietnam.
It covers 1990 to 2024. The vertical axis is measured in % and is drawn from 18.7872 to 38.8764. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1990: 19.1735
1991: 19.4397
1992: 19.8253
1993: 20.3058
1994: 20.8568
... | Lie Factor 2.07, moderate. The truncated axis makes the change look about 2.1x larger than it is. The underlying change is real but modest; the steepness is a property of the axis, not the data. | null | To determine the Lie Factor, we compare the relative change depicted by the chart's visual scaling against the actual relative change in the data.
**1. Size of Effect in Data**
* **Start Value (1990):** 19.1735%
* **End Value (2024):** 38.4901%
* **Absolute Change:** 38.4901 - 19.1735 = 19.3166
* **Relative Ch... | truncated_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | HYDE (2023); United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urban-population-share-2050?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: Tuberculosis death rate — Vietnam
Type: bar
X axis: Year, 2000 to 2024
Y axis: deaths per 100,000 people, displayed range 0 to 50.76.
Plotted values:
2000: 47
2001: 44
2002: 39
2003: 39
2004: 35
2005: 36
2006: 34
2007: 30
2008: 27
2009: 30
2010: 28
2011: 26
2012: 23
2013: 22
2014: ... | Higher in 2003. The chart gives 39 deaths per 100,000 people for 2003 and 15 deaths per 100,000 people for 2017, a difference of 24 deaths per 100,000 people. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the chart specification:
* **2003**: The death rate was **39** per 100,000 people.
* **2017**: The death rate was **15** per 100,000 people.
**Conclusion:**
The estimated mortality from all forms of tuberculosis per 100,000 population in Vietnam was **higher in 2003**.
The... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | two_point_comparison | WHO (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/tuberculosis-death-rate?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: Share of adults who are obese — Portugal
Type: scatter
X axis: Year, 1990 to 2024
Y axis: %, displayed range 22.9787 to 23.058. It does not start at zero.
The chart displays only 2016-2024. Full series below.
Plotted values:
1990: 13.5659
1991: 13.7935
1992: 14.0405
1993: 14.3082
1994: 14.607
1995:... | Within the window shown (2016-2024) the series moves -0.05%, but that window runs against the longer record. Across the full series (1990-2024) the change is +69.41%, in the opposite direction. The chart is accurate for the years it covers and unrepresentative of the trend. | null | Based on the provided values, the long-run direction of adult obesity in Portugal is a **significant increase**, rising from 13.57% in 1990 to a peak of 23.05% in 2018, before slightly declining to 22.98% in 2024. This represents a net increase of approximately 9.4 percentage points over the 34-year period.
However, t... | cherry_picked_window | contradicted | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | visual_claim_check | World Health Organization - Global Health Observatory (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-adults-defined-as-obese?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: Fertility rate: births per woman. Region: China. Rendered as a scatter chart.
Years 1990 through 2023. Y axis in live births per woman, displayed 0 to 2.7151.
Plotted values:
1990: 2.514
1991: 1.934
1992: 1.776
1993: 1.691
1994: 1.628
1995: 1.588
1996: 1.554
1997: 1.527
1998: 1.522
1999: 1.... | The series peaks in 1990, at 2.51 live births per woman. The lowest point shown is 2023, at 1 live births per woman. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
1. **Scan the data for the maximum value:**
* 1990: **2.514**
* 1991: 1.934
* 1992–2023: All values range between 0.999 and 1.798.
2. **Compare:** The value in 1990 (2.514) is significantly higher than the next highest value (1991 at 1.934... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | extremum | UN, World Population Prospects (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fertility-rate-with-projections?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: CO₂ emissions per capita — Chile
Type: scatter
X axis: Year, 1990 to 2024
Y axis: tonnes per person, displayed range 0 to 5.1743.
Plotted values:
1990: 2.449
1991: 2.2611
1992: 2.3048
1993: 2.4179
1994: 2.6526
1995: 2.861
1996: 3.2731
1997: 3.7463
1998: 3.785
1999: 4.0085
2000: 3.7735
20... | That year is outside this chart. The series runs 1990 to 2024, and 1975 falls before it begins, so there is no value to read. The earliest point available is 1990, at 2.45 t/person. | null | The provided chart specification cannot answer the question regarding CO₂ emissions per capita for Chile in 1975.
The data values listed in the specification only cover the period from **1990 to 2024**. There are no plotted values, axis markers, or trend lines extending back to 1975. Therefore, the specification suppo... | faithful | unanswerable | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | out_of_range | Global Carbon Budget (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co-emissions-per-capita?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: Share of adults who are obese. Region: India. Rendered as a line chart.
Years 1990 through 2024. Y axis in %, displayed 0 to 8.6188.
Plotted values:
1990: 0.6676
1991: 0.7286
1992: 0.7949
1993: 0.8669
1994: 0.9453
1995: 1.0315
1996: 1.1263
1997: 1.2309
1998: 1.3458
1999: 1.4708
2000: 1.60... | Lie Factor 1.0, honest. The chart's visual effect matches the data: the plotted change is shown at its true size on a zero-based, correctly-oriented axis. | null | To determine Tufte's Lie Factor, we compare the magnitude of the change represented in the graphic to the actual magnitude of the change in the underlying data.
**1. Size of Effect in the Data**
Using the provided values from 1990 to 2024:
* **Start Value (1990):** 0.6676%
* **End Value (2024):** 7.9804%
* **Rel... | faithful | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | World Health Organization - Global Health Observatory (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-adults-defined-as-obese?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Tuberculosis death rate in Chile, plotted as a line chart over 2000-2024.
Vertical scale: deaths per 100,000 people, running 1.764 to 5.775. It does not start at zero. The axis is inverted, so larger values appear lower.
Plotted values:
2000: 5.2
2001: 5.5
2002: 4.9
2003: 4.7
2004: 4.9
2005: 4.4
2006: 4.... | Lie Factor -1.0, severe. The magnitude of the change is preserved but its direction is reversed by the inverted axis: the data rises while the chart falls. Any reader trusting the visual gets the sign wrong. | null | To determine the Lie Factor, we compare the percentage change depicted in the graphic against the actual percentage change in the data.
**1. Size of Effect in Data**
* Start (2000): 5.2
* End (2024): 2.5
* Change: -2.7
* **Data % Change:** -2.7 / 5.2 ≈ **-52%** (A 52% decrease)
**2. Size of Effect Shown in Gr... | inverted_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | WHO (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/tuberculosis-death-rate?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: Energy use per person — Egypt
Type: scatter
X axis: Year, 1990 to 2024
Y axis: kilowatt-hours per person, displayed range 0 to 11359.872.
Plotted values:
1990: 6701.1313
1991: 6604.019
1992: 6386.172
1993: 6245.07
1994: 6427.995
1995: 6668.7456
1996: 6881.8477
1997: 7021.6016
1998: 7153.041
... | Higher in 2011. The chart gives 7,153.04 kWh for 1998 and 10,336.39 kWh for 2011, a difference of 3,183.35 kWh. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
* **1998:** 7,153.041 kilowatt-hours per person
* **2011:** 10,336.393 kilowatt-hours per person
**Finding:**
Per capita energy consumption in Egypt was **higher in 2011**.
The value for 2011 (10,336.393) is significantly higher than the value for 1998 (... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | two_point_comparison | U.S. Energy Information Administration (2026); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: Life expectancy. Region: Nigeria. Rendered as a bar chart.
Years 1990 through 2023. Y axis in years, displayed 44.4057 to 55.5398. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1990: 45.7327
1991: 45.4832
1992: 45.5874
1993: 45.7826
1994: 45.7476
1995: 45.8701
1996: 45.8328
1997: 45.9598
1998: 4... | Higher in 2014. The chart gives 48.02 years for 2002 and 51.94 years for 2014, a difference of 3.92 years. | null | Based on the plotted values provided:
* Life expectancy in **2002** was **48.0201** years.
* Life expectancy in **2014** was **51.9401** years.
**Finding:**
Life expectancy in Nigeria was higher in **2014**.
**Chart Mechanism Analysis:**
The specification notes that the Y-axis ranges from approximately 44.4 to 5... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | two_point_comparison | Riley (2005); Zijdeman et al. (2015); HMD (2025); UN WPP (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: Average years of schooling — Japan
Type: area
X axis: Year, 1970 to 2020
Y axis: years, displayed range 0 to 13.8564.
Plotted values:
1970: 8.25
1975: 8.85
1980: 9.6
1985: 10.12
1990: 10.71
1995: 11.26
2000: 11.77
2005: 12.12
2010: 12.44
2015: 12.6
2020: 12.83
Question: According to this ... | Reading the plotted point for 2010, average years of schooling in Japan was 12.44 years. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the chart specification:
The value listed for the year **2010** is **12.44**.
Therefore, according to this chart, the average years of schooling in Japan in 2010 was **12.44 years**.
*Note on chart mechanics:* The data shows a consistent upward trend from 1970 to 2020. An "are... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | value_lookup | Barro and Lee (2015); Lee and Lee (2016) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/mean-years-of-schooling-long-run?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Share of population living in extreme poverty in Spain, plotted as an area chart over 1990-2023.
Vertical scale: %, running 0 to 1.728.
Plotted values:
1990: 0.6
1993: 1.4
1994: 1.3
1995: 1.6
1996: 1.6
1997: 1
1998: 1.1
1999: 0.7
2000: 0.9
2003: 0.9082
2004: 1.0159
2005: 0.8568
2006: 0.8842
... | It moved from 0.6 % in 1990 to 0.81 % in 2023, a change of 0.21 % (+35.57%). | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
1. **Value in 1990**: 0.6%
2. **Value in 2023**: 0.8134%
To find the change, subtract the 1990 value from the 2023 value:
$$0.8134 - 0.6 = 0.2134$$
The share of the population living in extreme poverty in Spain **increased by 0.2134 percentage points** bet... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | magnitude_of_change | World Bank Poverty and Inequality Platform (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-in-extreme-poverty?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A line chart titled "Child mortality rate" showing Germany.
It covers 1995 to 2024. The vertical axis is measured in deaths per 100 live births and is drawn from 0 to 0.702.
Plotted values:
1995: 0.65
1996: 0.62
1997: 0.59
1998: 0.57
1999: 0.55
2000: 0.54
2001: 0.52
2002: 0.51
2003: 0.5
2004: 0.49
... | Lie Factor 1.0, honest. The chart's visual effect matches the data: the plotted change is shown at its true size on a zero-based, correctly-oriented axis. | null | To determine Tufte's Lie Factor, we compare the percentage change represented in the data against the percentage change represented in the graphic's visual encoding.
**1. Size of effect in data**
* **Start Value (1995):** 0.65
* **End Value (2024):** 0.37
* **Absolute Change:** $0.37 - 0.65 = -0.28$
* **Percen... | faithful | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | Gapminder (2015); UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/child-mortality?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: Energy use per person — Poland
Type: line
X axis: Year, 1990 to 2024
Y axis: kilowatt-hours per person, displayed range 25420.931 to 32922.27. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1990: 31804.375
1991: 31037.29
1992: 29617.81
1993: 29556.105
1994: 28248.781
1995: 28899.574
1996: 30343.46
1... | The series peaks in 2021, at 32,196.33 kWh. The lowest point shown is 2002, at 26,146.87 kWh. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification, here is the analysis:
**Step 1: Identify the maximum value in the dataset**
Scanning the list of `kilowatt-hours per person` for each year:
- The values fluctuate between a low of 26,146.867 (2002) and various highs in the 31,000–32,000 range.
- Notable high p... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | extremum | U.S. Energy Information Administration (2026); Energy Institute - Statistical Review of World Energy (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-energy-use?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: Life expectancy. Region: Nigeria. Rendered as a line chart.
Years 1990 through 2023. Y axis in years, displayed 44.5735 to 57.1854. It does not start at zero. The axis is inverted, so larger values appear lower.
Plotted values:
1990: 45.7327
1991: 45.4832
1992: 45.5874
1993: 45.7826
1994: 45.7476
1... | Lie Factor -1.0, severe. The magnitude of the change is preserved but its direction is reversed by the inverted axis: the data rises while the chart falls. Any reader trusting the visual gets the sign wrong. | null | **1. Analysis of Underlying Data**
* **Start (1990):** 45.7327 years
* **End (2023):** 54.4623 years
* **Absolute Change:** +8.7296 years
* **Relative Change:** 8.7296 / 45.7327 ≈ +19.1%
The data shows a clear **increase** in life expectancy.
**2. Analysis of Chart Design**
* **Inverted Y-Axis:** The specif... | inverted_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | Riley (2005); Zijdeman et al. (2015); HMD (2025); UN WPP (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
A scatter chart titled "Share of population living in urban areas projected to 2050" showing Indonesia.
It covers 1990 to 2024. The vertical axis is measured in % and is drawn from 0 to 63.451.
Plotted values:
1990: 30.5945
1991: 31.5992
1992: 32.6915
1993: 33.8555
1994: 35.0672
1995: 36.3023
1996: 37.53... | It moved from 30.59 % in 1990 to 58.75 % in 2024, a change of 28.16 % (+92.03%). | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
1. **Value in 1990**: 30.5945%
2. **Value in 2024**: 58.751%
To find the change, subtract the 1990 value from the 2024 value:
$$58.751 - 30.5945 = 28.1565$$
**Finding:**
The share of the population living in urban areas in Indonesia increased by **28.1565 ... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | magnitude_of_change | HYDE (2023); United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/urban-population-share-2050?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Literacy rates among adults in Philippines, plotted as an area chart over 1990-2020.
Vertical scale: %, running 0 to 106.3476.
Plotted values:
1990: 93.57
1994: 93.92
2000: 92.6
2003: 92.59
2008: 95.42
2010: 97.09
2013: 96.4
2015: 98.18
2019: 96.28
2020: 98.47
Question: According to this chart, wh... | Reading the plotted point for 2020, literacy rate among adults in Philippines was 98.47 %. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
The literacy rate among adults in the Philippines in **2020** was **98.47%**.
**Analysis of Chart Mechanism:**
The specification lists the vertical scale as running from 0 to 106.3476. Since the scale begins at 0 (the true baseline for percentages), the area ... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | value_lookup | UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/literacy?age_group=adult&sex=both&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Share of population living in extreme poverty in Peru, plotted as a line chart over 1997-2024.
Vertical scale: %, running 4.744 to 28.7669. It does not start at zero. The axis is inverted, so larger values appear lower.
Plotted values:
1997: 26.8646
1998: 25.7142
1999: 26.2962
2000: 25.5416
2001: 27.3971
2... | Lie Factor -1.0, severe. The magnitude of the change is preserved but its direction is reversed by the inverted axis: the data rises while the chart falls. Any reader trusting the visual gets the sign wrong. | null | ### 1. Analysis of the Underlying Data
First, we establish the factual trend from the provided values:
* **Start (1997):** 26.8646%
* **End (2024):** 5.1406%
* **Percentage Change:** $\frac{5.1406 - 26.8646}{26.8646} \approx \mathbf{-80.9\%}$
**The Truth:** Extreme poverty in Peru **decreased** dramatically (by ... | inverted_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | World Bank Poverty and Inequality Platform (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-in-extreme-poverty?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Chart: Share of population living in urban areas — Ethiopia
Type: line
X axis: Year, 1990 to 2024
Y axis: %, displayed range 0 to 25.5121.
Plotted values:
1990: 12.7641
1991: 13.029
1992: 13.2797
1993: 13.5108
1994: 13.7173
1995: 13.8826
1996: 14.1027
1997: 14.3073
1998: 14.5135
1999: 14.7133
200... | It moved from 12.76 % in 1990 to 23.62 % in 2024, a change of 10.86 % (+85.07%). | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
1. **Value in 1990:** 12.7641%
2. **Value in 2024:** 23.6223%
To find the change, subtract the 1990 value from the 2024 value:
$$23.6223 - 12.7641 = 10.8582$$
**Finding:**
The share of the population living in urban areas in Ethiopia increased by **10.8582... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | magnitude_of_change | United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-urban?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Fertility rate: births per woman in Brazil, plotted as an area chart over 1990-2023.
Vertical scale: live births per woman, running 0 to 3.1277.
Plotted values:
1990: 2.896
1991: 2.805
1992: 2.71
1993: 2.66
1994: 2.603
1995: 2.567
1996: 2.511
1997: 2.468
1998: 2.418
1999: 2.335
2000: 2.247
2001... | Reading the plotted point for 2020, fertility rate (estimates) in Brazil was 1.65 live births per woman. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
1. **Locate the year:** Find the entry for **2020** in the list.
2. **Identify the value:** The corresponding value listed is **1.653**.
3. **Check for visual distortion:** The prompt describes an "area chart." Area charts fill the space between the data li... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | value_lookup | UN, World Population Prospects (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fertility-rate-with-projections?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: Fertility rate: births per woman. Region: Nigeria. Rendered as a scatter chart.
Years 1990 through 2023. Y axis in live births per woman, displayed 0 to 6.9757.
Plotted values:
1990: 6.459
1991: 6.426
1992: 6.391
1993: 6.354
1994: 6.319
1995: 6.273
1996: 6.217
1997: 6.138
1998: 6.069
1999: ... | Higher in 1991. The chart gives 6.43 live births per woman for 1991 and 4.64 live births per woman for 2021, a difference of 1.79 live births per woman. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
* The fertility rate in **1991** was **6.426** births per woman.
* The fertility rate in **2021** was **4.636** births per woman.
Comparing these two figures directly (6.426 > 4.636), the fertility rate in Nigeria was **higher in 1991**.
The data shows a... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | two_point_comparison | UN, World Population Prospects (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fertility-rate-with-projections?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
An area chart titled "Share of adults who are obese" showing Argentina.
It covers 1990 to 2024. The vertical axis is measured in % and is drawn from 0 to 41.1012.
Plotted values:
1990: 12.8187
1991: 13.3108
1992: 13.8127
1993: 14.3217
1994: 14.8412
1995: 15.3724
1996: 15.9152
1997: 16.4747
1998: 17.0... | Higher in 2013. The chart gives 15.92 % for 1996 and 27.33 % for 2013, a difference of 11.41 %. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
* **1996**: The share of adults who are obese was **15.9152%**.
* **2013**: The share of adults who are obese was **27.3281%**.
Comparing the two figures, 27.3281 is greater than 15.9152.
**Conclusion:**
Obesity among adults in Argentina was higher in **... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | two_point_comparison | World Health Organization - Global Health Observatory (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-adults-defined-as-obese?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Share of the population using the Internet in France, plotted as a line chart over 1995-2024.
Vertical scale: % of population, running -0.1003 to 90.3941.
Plotted values:
1995: 1.64
1996: 2.58
1997: 4.26
1998: 6.32
1999: 9.13
2000: 14.3079
2001: 26.3259
2002: 30.18
2003: 36.14
2004: 39.15
2005: 4... | Lie Factor 1.06, mild. The truncated axis makes the change look about 1.1x larger than it is. The underlying change is real but modest; the steepness is a property of the axis, not the data. | null | Based on the provided specifications and values, the chart's design does **not severely distort** the underlying data. The Lie Factor is approximately **0.94**, which is very close to the honest baseline of 1.0, meaning the chart slightly understates the magnitude of growth.
**Calculation of Tufte's Lie Factor:**
1. ... | truncated_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | World Telecommunication/ICT Indicators Database - International Telecommunication Union (ITU), via World Bank (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-individuals-using-the-internet?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Literacy rates among adults in Philippines, plotted as an area chart over 1990-2020.
Vertical scale: %, running 0 to 106.3476.
Plotted values:
1990: 93.57
1994: 93.92
2000: 92.6
2003: 92.59
2008: 95.42
2010: 97.09
2013: 96.4
2015: 98.18
2019: 96.28
2020: 98.47
Question: In which year shown does li... | The series peaks in 2020, at 98.47 %. The lowest point shown is 2003, at 92.59 %. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification:
* 1990: 93.57
* 1994: 93.92
* 2000: 92.6
* 2003: 92.59
* 2008: 95.42
* 2010: 97.09
* 2013: 96.4
* 2015: 98.18
* 2019: 96.28
* **2020: 98.47**
Comparing these figures directly, the highest numerical value is **98.47**.
**Finding:**
The lit... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | extremum | UNESCO Institute for Statistics (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/literacy?age_group=adult&sex=both&csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Meat production in Ethiopia, plotted as a line chart over 1995-2024.
Vertical scale: tonnes, running 0 to 989109.63.
Plotted values:
1995: 414872.38
1996: 447997.16
1997: 450757.25
1998: 458876.88
1999: 472019.88
2000: 476463.7
2001: 506142.1
2002: 574574.8
2003: 566257.25
2004: 578240
2005: 6014... | Lie Factor 1.0, honest. The chart's visual effect matches the data: the plotted change is shown at its true size on a zero-based, correctly-oriented axis. | null | To determine Tufte's Lie Factor, we compare the size of the effect shown in the graphic to the size of the effect in the data.
**1. Size of Effect in Data**
We measure the percentage change in the data from the start to the end of the series:
* **Start Value (1995):** 414,872.38 tonnes
* **End Value (2024):** 912,... | faithful | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2025) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/meat-production-tonnes?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
CO₂ emissions per capita in Poland, plotted as a scatter chart over 1990-2024.
Vertical scale: tonnes per person, running 0 to 10.6804.
Plotted values:
1990: 9.8893
1991: 9.786
1992: 9.5278
1993: 9.5302
1994: 9.3884
1995: 9.4484
1996: 9.8313
1997: 9.5754
1998: 8.8445
1999: 8.5982
2000: 8.2938
2... | The series peaks in 1990, at 9.89 t/person. The lowest point shown is 2024, at 7.08 t/person. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification, here is the step-by-step analysis to determine the highest value:
1. **Review the dataset**: The data covers the years 1990 through 2024.
2. **Identify the maximum value**: Scanning the list of "tonnes per person":
* 1990: **9.8893**
* 1991: 9.78... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | extremum | Global Carbon Budget (2025); Population based on various sources (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co-emissions-per-capita?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: Fertility rate: births per woman. Region: China. Rendered as a line chart.
Years 1990 through 2023. Y axis in live births per woman, displayed 0.979 to 2.6397. It does not start at zero. The axis is inverted, so larger values appear lower.
Plotted values:
1990: 2.514
1991: 1.934
1992: 1.776
1993: 1.691... | Lie Factor -1.0, severe. The magnitude of the change is preserved but its direction is reversed by the inverted axis: the data rises while the chart falls. Any reader trusting the visual gets the sign wrong. | null | **1. Analysis of the Underlying Data**
The data shows a clear decline in China's fertility rate from 2.514 births per woman in 1990 to 0.999 in 2023.
* **True Effect:** A decrease of approximately 60.3%.
**2. Analysis of the Chart Design**
* **Axis Inversion:** The Y-axis is inverted, meaning larger values appear... | inverted_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | UN, World Population Prospects (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/fertility-rate-with-projections?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
An area chart titled "GDP per capita" showing Bangladesh.
It covers 1995 to 2024. The vertical axis is measured in international-$ in 2021 prices and is drawn from 0 to 9165.7278.
Plotted values:
1995: 2351.7039
1996: 2413.543
1997: 2475.5957
1998: 2555.0613
1999: 2624.0654
2000: 2712.935
2001: 2803.5547... | The series peaks in 2024, at 8,486.78 $. The lowest point shown is 1995, at 2,351.7 $. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification, I will analyze the data to determine the year with the highest GDP per capita.
**Step-by-Step Analysis:**
1. **Review the Data Trend:** The data shows a consistent upward trend from 1995 to 2024.
* 1995: 2351.7039
* ... (values increase every subs... | faithful | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | extremum | Eurostat, OECD, IMF, and World Bank (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/gdp-per-capita-worldbank?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Share of population living in extreme poverty in Spain, plotted as a line chart over 1990-2023.
Vertical scale: %, running 0.5476 to 1.68. It does not start at zero. The axis is inverted, so larger values appear lower.
Plotted values:
1990: 0.6
1993: 1.4
1994: 1.3
1995: 1.6
1996: 1.6
1997: 1
1998: 1.1
... | Lie Factor -1.0, severe. The magnitude of the change is preserved but its direction is reversed by the inverted axis: the data rises while the chart falls. Any reader trusting the visual gets the sign wrong. | null | **Lie Factor: -50.3**
This chart severely distorts the underlying data through two mechanisms: aggressive truncation, which exaggerates the magnitude of changes, and an inverted axis, which reverses their direction.
**1. Calculation of Data Effect**
* Minimum Value: 0.5587 (2008)
* Maximum Value: 1.6 (1995, 1996)... | inverted_y_axis | severity | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | lie_factor | World Bank Poverty and Inequality Platform (2026) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/share-of-population-in-extreme-poverty?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Life expectancy in Japan, plotted as a scatter chart over 1990-2023.
Vertical scale: years, running 78.3065 to 85.3986. It does not start at zero.
Plotted values:
1990: 78.9928
1991: 79.262
1992: 79.303
1993: 79.4461
1994: 79.8366
1995: 79.6837
1996: 80.3627
1997: 80.5836
1998: 80.6487
1999: 80.612... | The series peaks in 2023, at 84.71 years. The lowest point shown is 1990, at 78.99 years. | null | Based on the plotted values provided in the specification, here is the analysis to determine the year with the highest life expectancy:
1. **Scan the data for the maximum value:**
* The values generally increase from 1990 (78.9928) through the 2010s.
* Notable high points in recent years include:
... | truncated_axis_honest | supported | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | extremum | Riley (2005); Zijdeman et al. (2015); HMD (2025); UN WPP (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
Source: World population growth. Region: South Africa. Rendered as a bar chart.
Years 1990 through 2024. Y axis in %, displayed -0.5701 to 2.8432.
Plotted values:
1990: 2.688
1991: 1.891
1992: 1.704
1993: 2.273
1994: 0.977
1995: 1.448
1996: 1.148
1997: 1.248
1998: 1.178
1999: 1.003
2000: 0.827
... | This chart covers South Africa only, so Kenya is not plotted and I cannot compare them from it. The chart does support statements about South Africa on its own: the series runs from 2.69 % in 1990 to 1.19 % in 2024. | null | The provided specification cannot answer the question because it contains data exclusively for South Africa; there are no plotted values for Kenya to make a comparison.
Instead, the specification supports an analysis of South Africa's population growth trends from 1990 to 2024. Based on the values, the growth rate gen... | faithful | unanswerable | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... | absent_entity | HYDE (2023); Gapminder (2022); UN WPP (2024) | https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/population-growth-rate?csvType=full&useColumnShortNames=false | You read charts presented as specifications: the plotted values plus how they are drawn. Before stating any finding, work from the values. If the way the chart is drawn overstates or reverses what the values show, give the correct figure and name the mechanism. If the specification cannot answer the question, say what ... |
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