SinclairSchneider/politico_eu

POLITICO Europe (politico.eu)

122 268 English-language news articles crawled from www.politico.eu and published as a Hugging Face dataset. This is part of the International Newspapers collection, a set of comparable corpora covering English-language newspapers and EU-affairs outlets, all built with the same crawler and the same extraction pipeline so that they can be compared and combined directly.

⚠️ For scientific research only

This corpus is published exclusively for scientific research under the German research exception for text and data mining — the Forschungsprivileg of § 60d UrhG (implementing Art. 3 of EU Directive 2019/790). The article texts remain the copyright of their publisher and are not licensed for commercial use, redistribution, or republication. By downloading it you confirm that you use it for non-commercial scientific research. See Licensing and intended use.

The articles are reproduced verbatim from the publisher's website; their content expresses the views of that publisher, not of the dataset author.

At a glance

Source	www.politico.eu
Rows	122 268
Columns	12 (title, content, author, description, keywords, category, countries, dateCreated, datePublished, dateModified, post_id, url)
Language	English (en)
Split	train (single split)
Format	Parquet, 2 shards, ≈ 401 MB download / 683 MB in memory
Intended use	Scientific research only (Forschungsprivileg, § 60d UrhG)
Mirror	NLP-UniBW/politico_eu

from datasets import load_dataset

ds = load_dataset("SinclairSchneider/politico_eu", split="train")
print(ds[0]["title"])

About the source

POLITICO Europe is a Brussels-based news organisation covering European Union politics and policy. It launched in 2015 as a joint venture between the American outlet POLITICO and the German publisher Axel Springer SE, which took full ownership of POLITICO worldwide in 2021. Its newsroom is aimed primarily at EU policy professionals — officials, lobbyists, diplomats and national correspondents in Brussels — and its coverage is organised around the Commission, Parliament and Council, national capitals, and sectoral policy beats. A large part of its output, the POLITICO Pro tier, is subscription-only and therefore outside this dataset.

Dataset structure

Single train split with 122 268 rows and the following columns:

Column	Type	Description	Extracted from
title	string	Headline of the article.	<meta property="og:title">
content	string	Full plain-text body of the article.	all <p> inside the article body container <article class="article">, space-joined
author	string	Author(s) as published by the outlet.	the first entry of author in ld+json
description	string	Teaser / meta description of the article.	description from ld+json
keywords	list[string]	Topic keywords / tags assigned by the publisher.	keywords from ld+json
category	string	Section the article was published in.	articleSection from ld+json
countries	list[string]	—	the country tag links in div.tags__taxonomy--country — the EU member states the CMS associates with the article
dateCreated	string	Timestamp at which the CMS record was created.	dateCreated from ld+json
datePublished	string	Publication timestamp.	datePublished from ld+json
dateModified	string	Timestamp of the last editorial update.	dateModified from ld+json
post_id	int64	—	post_id from the custom_metadata object inside ld+json — POLITICO's internal article id
url	string	Canonical URL the article was fetched from.	the crawled URL

Example record

{
  "title": "Home and Away",
  "content": "AI generated Text-to-speech Presented by Intuit By DAN BLOOM with BETHANY DAWSON PRESENTED BY  Send tips here | Subscribe for free | Listen to Playbook and view in your browser Good Monday morning. This is Dan Bloom. HOME (OFFICE) AND AWAY: Keir Starmer will spend the day in Turkey finalizing a deal to sell fighter jets — but his efforts look set to be buried (again) by a blizzard of crime, justic …",
  "author": "Dan Bloom",
  "description": "",
  "keywords": [],
  "category": "Uncategorized",
  "countries": [],
  "dateCreated": "2025-10-27T07:00:46Z",
  "datePublished": "2025-10-27T07:00:46Z",
  "dateModified": "2025-10-27T07:01:10Z",
  "post_id": 7395360,
  "url": "https://www.politico.eu/newsletter/london-playbook/home-and-away/"
}

Temporal coverage

The datePublished column could be parsed for 122 268 of 122 268 rows (100.0 %). Those rows span 1995-09-20 → 2025-10-29.

Year	Articles
1995	627	██
1996	1 873	█████
1997	2 069	█████
1998	2 151	██████
1999	1 865	█████
2000	1 720	█████
2001	1 822	█████
2002	2 152	██████
2003	2 262	██████
2004	1 954	█████
2005	2 196	██████
2006	2 215	██████
2007	2 066	█████
2008	3 070	████████
2009	2 678	███████
2010	2 472	███████
2011	2 456	██████
2012	2 389	██████
2013	2 359	██████
2014	3 025	████████
2015	4 893	█████████████
2016	8 177	██████████████████████
2017	8 501	██████████████████████
2018	6 830	██████████████████
2019	5 873	████████████████
2020	6 225	████████████████
2021	6 589	█████████████████
2022	6 947	██████████████████
2023	8 098	█████████████████████
2024	9 085	████████████████████████
2025	7 629	████████████████████

How the data was collected

The whole pipeline is contained in this repository under scraping/ and consists of two steps: a distributed crawler that walks the site and writes one JSON file per article, and a consolidation notebook that merges those files into the dataset you are reading.

1. Crawling — scraping/crawler.py

The crawler is a breadth-first whole-site crawler built on MechanicalSoup and multiprocessing:

1. Sharded frontier. 32 worker processes each own one multiprocessing.Manager().Queue(). A URL is assigned to a worker by int(md5(url).hexdigest(), 16) % 32, so every URL is always handled by the same worker and no locking or cross-process deduplication is needed.
2. Seed. The crawl is seeded with a single article URL (https://www.politico.eu/article/swedens-still-ahead-in-the-preparedness-game-and-now-it-means-business) and discovers everything else by following links.
3. Link discovery. Every fetched page is parsed with BeautifulSoup/lxml; all <a href> values that start with https://www.politico.eu/ or with / (which are then made absolute) are added to the frontier. URLs containing # are dropped.
4. URL filtering. Before fetching, a URL is skipped when it contains /files/, /video/, .jpg, .pdf, .xml, .pptx, .shtml or .epub, or when it has fewer than five path segments (which filters out section index pages).
5. Fetching. Each URL gets up to 10 attempts with a 10 s timeout.
6. Extraction. get_content() turns the HTML into a record (see below). Only pages with a non-empty content are written out, as pages/<flattened-url>.json.
7. Resumability. Each worker appends every known and every visited URL to data/thread_<id>_pages.txt and data/thread_<id>_pages_visited.txt, and re-reads them on start, so an interrupted crawl continues where it stopped. Creating a file named killall.txt in the working directory stops all workers cleanly.

Crawler settings used for this site:

• Worker processes: 32 (iNumberOfThreads = 32)
• Retries per URL: 10, with a 10-second socket timeout per attempt
• Proxy pool: used — requests were sent through a rotating pool of forward proxies (the published script reproduces this via SCRAPER_PROXIES, see below)
• User-agent rotation: yes, a random UA per request via fake_useragent
• Politeness delay: none — throttling was handled by the proxy pool / retry loop
• Bot-challenge handling: responses containing #challenge-error-text or You don't have permission to access are discarded and retried after a short pause
• Raw HTML dump: enabled (raw/), used for debugging the parser

Paywall handling. The site serves its articles without a paywall, so no paywall filter was necessary.

2. Article extraction

get_content() reads the fields from the page's JSON-LD (<script type="application/ld+json">) and/or its HTML, as follows:

Field	Source in the page
title	<meta property="og:title">
content	all <p> inside the article body container <article class="article">, space-joined
author	the first entry of author in ld+json
description	description from ld+json
keywords	keywords from ld+json
category	articleSection from ld+json
countries	the country tag links in div.tags__taxonomy--country — the EU member states the CMS associates with the article
dateCreated	dateCreated from ld+json
datePublished	datePublished from ld+json
dateModified	dateModified from ld+json
post_id	post_id from the custom_metadata object inside ld+json — POLITICO's internal article id
url	the crawled URL

custom_metadata arrives as a JSON string nested inside the JSON-LD block, so it is parsed twice: once for the outer block and once for the embedded object that carries post_id.

Each article is stored as a JSON file of the shape

{
  "title": "…",
  "content": "…",
  "additional_attributes": { "author": "…", "description": "…", "keywords": "…", "category": "…", "countries": "…", "dateCreated": "…", "datePublished": "…", "dateModified": "…", "post_id": "…", "url": "…" }
}

3. Consolidation — scraping/finalize.ipynb

1. glob("pages/*.json") collects every article file.
2. The nested records are flattened into one pandas.DataFrame column per field.
3. df.drop_duplicates(subset=['title']) removes duplicates — the same article is often reachable under several URLs (print/mobile variants, tracking parameters, section mirrors), and the headline is the most reliable identity key available.
4. The frame is written to politico_eu.json and pushed with datasets.Dataset.from_pandas(df).push_to_hub("SinclairSchneider/politico_eu").

Dataset-specific notes

• countries is the publisher's own geographic tagging, not an extraction from the text; it is empty for articles the CMS did not tag.

Reproducing the crawl

pip install mechanicalsoup beautifulsoup4 lxml python-dateutil fake-useragent \
            pandas datasets huggingface_hub tqdm

mkdir politico_eu && cd politico_eu
curl -L -O https://huggingface.co/datasets/SinclairSchneider/politico_eu/resolve/main/scraping/crawler.py

python crawler.py          # writes pages/*.json; `touch killall.txt` to stop
jupyter notebook finalize.ipynb

Routing the crawl through your own proxies

The original crawl ran behind a pool of forward proxies on a private network. Those addresses are infrastructure-specific and have been removed from the published script. Instead, crawler.py reads the SCRAPER_PROXIES environment variable: a comma-separated list of proxies, written with or without a scheme (http:// is assumed when none is given). One entry is picked per request, so a pool spreads the load across several exits.

# a single proxy
export SCRAPER_PROXIES="proxy-a.example.com:3128"

# a pool, rotated per request
export SCRAPER_PROXIES="proxy-a.example.com:3128,proxy-b.example.com:3128"

# with an explicit scheme and credentials
export SCRAPER_PROXIES="http://user:pass@proxy.example.com:3128"

# SOCKS, if PySocks is installed
export SCRAPER_PROXIES="socks5://localhost:9050"

# back to a direct connection — this is the default
unset SCRAPER_PROXIES

python crawler.py

Internally this becomes requests' standard {'http': …, 'https': …} proxy mapping; with the variable unset the mapping is empty and the crawler connects directly. No credentials, cookies or personal data are contained in the published code.

Please crawl responsibly: respect robots.txt and the site's terms of use, keep the concurrency far below the 32 workers used here unless you have the site's permission, and prefer this published dataset over re-crawling.

Usage

from datasets import load_dataset
import pandas as pd

ds = load_dataset("SinclairSchneider/politico_eu", split="train")

# stream instead of downloading everything
stream = load_dataset("SinclairSchneider/politico_eu", split="train", streaming=True)
print(next(iter(stream))["title"])

# as a DataFrame
df = ds.to_pandas()
df["datePublished"] = pd.to_datetime(df["datePublished"], errors="coerce", utc=True, format="mixed")
recent = df[df["datePublished"].dt.year >= 2024]
print(len(recent), "articles from 2024 onwards")

Combining several outlets into one comparative corpus:

from datasets import load_dataset, concatenate_datasets

outlets = ["SinclairSchneider/politico_eu", "SinclairSchneider/tagesschau_de"]
parts = []
for name in outlets:
    d = load_dataset(name, split="train").select_columns(["title", "content", "url"])
    parts.append(d.add_column("outlet", [name.split("/")[-1]] * len(d)))
corpus = concatenate_datasets(parts)

Limitations and biases

• Crawl, not archive. Coverage is whatever was reachable by following links from the seed URL at crawl time. Articles that were deleted, depublished or orphaned before the crawl are missing, and old content is covered less densely than recent content.
• Free content only. All articles on this site are freely accessible, so no paywall bias applies — but non-article page types (galleries, video pages, live tickers) are mostly absent because they have no extractable body text.
• Deduplication by headline. Two genuinely different articles with an identical headline (common for recurring formats such as weather or daily briefings) collapse into one row.
• Noisy metadata. author, category and keywords come straight from the publisher's markup, which changed over the years; empty strings are common and category labels are not harmonised across outlets.
• Editorial perspective. This is the output of a single outlet. Any model trained on it alone inherits that outlet's selection of topics, framing and vocabulary — which is exactly why the collection provides the same pipeline across the political spectrum.
• No text normalisation. Bodies are the concatenated paragraphs as published, including typographic quotes, soft hyphens and occasional residual boilerplate.

Licensing and intended use

Scientific research only — Forschungsprivileg (§ 60d UrhG)

This dataset is made available solely for the purpose of scientific research. The legal basis is the German text-and-data-mining exception for research, the so-called Forschungsprivileg:

• § 60d UrhG — Text und Data Mining für Zwecke der wissenschaftlichen Forschung — allows research organisations to make reproductions of lawfully accessible works in order to carry out text and data mining for non-commercial scientific research, and to share the resulting corpus with a specifically limited circle of people for joint research and with individual third parties for the purpose of quality assurance.
• It implements Art. 3 of Directive (EU) 2019/790 (the DSM Directive); comparable research exceptions exist in the other EU member states.
• § 60d UrhG does not cover commercial exploitation. Research organisations that give a commercial enterprise preferential access are explicitly excluded from the privilege.

What this means for you

✅ Permitted — using the corpus for non-commercial scientific research: text and data mining, corpus linguistics, media-bias and discourse analysis, training and evaluating research models, reproducing published findings, and quality checks by individual third parties.

❌ Not permitted — commercial use or commercial model training; redistributing or republishing the article texts; presenting the texts as your own; building products or services on the article texts; any use that substitutes for reading the publisher's own website.

The article texts remain the copyright of POLITICO Europe and its publisher. No licence to them is granted or implied by this repository. Only the crawling and extraction code in scraping/ is offered for free reuse.

If your intended use falls outside the research exception, obtain permission from the rights holder, or use only the derived, non-expressive data (statistics, embeddings, counts). Note that § 60d UrhG also expects research corpora to be deleted once they are no longer needed for the research purpose, with archiving permitted at trusted institutions.

If you are a rights holder and want content removed, please open a discussion on this repository.

This section is an orientation for researchers, not legal advice. Responsibility for your own use of the data remains with you and your institution.

Citation

@misc{politico_eu_dataset,
  title        = {POLITICO Europe (politico.eu): a corpus of German news articles},
  author       = {Schneider, Sinclair},
  year         = {2025},
  howpublished = {Hugging Face},
  url          = {https://huggingface.co/datasets/SinclairSchneider/politico_eu}
}

See also

• The full International Newspapers collection
• Mirror of this dataset: NLP-UniBW/politico_eu