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[Illustration] _Hera and Prometheus From a red figure vase. No 78 in the British Museum_ Four Plays of Aeschylus The Suppliant Maidens The Persians The Seven Against Thebes The Prometheus Bound |
by Aeschylus Translated Into English Verse By E.D.A. Morshead, MA. Contents INTRODUCTION THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS THE PERSIANS THE SEVEN AGAINST THEBES PROMETHEUS BOUND |
INTRODUCTION The surviving dramas of Aeschylus are seven in number, though he is believed to have written nearly a hundred during his life of sixty-nine years, from 525 B.C. to 456 B.C. That he fought at Marathon in 490, and at Salamis in 480 B.C. is a strongly accredited tradition, rendered almost certain by the vivid... |
In the course of the play, the pursuers’ ship arrives to reclaim the maidens for a forced wedlock in Egypt. The action of the drama turns on the attitude of the king and people of Argos, in view of this intended abduction. The king puts the question to the popular vote, and the demand of the suitors is unanimously reje... |
Of the second portion of the Trilogy we can only speak conjecturally. There is a passage in the _Prometheus Bound_ (ll. 860-69), in which we learn that the maidens were somehow reclaimed by the suitors, and that all, except one, slew their bridegrooms on the wedding night. There is a faint trace, among the Fragments of... |
_The Suppliant Maidens_ is full of charm, though the text of the part which describes the arrival of the pursuers at Argos is full of uncertainties. It remains a fine, though archaic, poem, with this special claim on our interest, that it is, probably, the earliest extant poetic drama. We see in it the _tendency_ to gr... |
_The Persians_ has been placed second in this volume, as the oldest play whose date is certainly known. It was brought out in 472 B.C., eight years after the sea-fight of Salamis which it commemorates, and five years before the _Seven against Thebes_ (467 B.C.). It is thought to be the second play of a Trilogy, standin... |
Against the piteous want of manliness on the part of the returning Xerxes, we may well set the grave and dignified patriotism of Atossa, the Queen-mother of the Persian kingdom; the loyalty, in spite of their bewilderment, of the aged men who form the Chorus; and, above all, the royal phantom of Darius, evoked from the... |
Sit still, and hear the last of our sea-sorrow. Five years after _The Persians_, in 467 B. C., the play which we call the _Seven against Thebes_ was presented at Athens. It bears now a title which Aeschylus can hardly have given to it for, though the scene of the drama overlooks the region where the city of Thebes afte... |
Sophocles and Euripides give us _their_ versions of the legend, which we may epitomize, without, however, affirming that they followed exactly the lines of Aeschylus’ Trilogy—they, for instance, speak freely of _Thebes_. Laius, King of Thebes, married Iokaste; he was warned by Apollo that if he had any children ruin wo... |
To the point at which the internecine enmity between Eteocles and Polynices arose, we have had to follow Sophocles and Euripides, the first two parts of Aeschylus’ Trilogy being lost. But the third part, as we have said, survives under the name given to it by Aristophanes, the _Seven against Thebes_: it opens with an e... |
It is interesting to note that, in combination with the _Laius_ and the _Oedipus_, this play won the dramatic crown in 467 B.C. On the other hand, so excellent a judge as Mr. Gilbert Murray thinks that it is “perhaps among Aeschylus’ plays the one that bears least the stamp of commanding genius.” Perhaps the daring, pr... |
There remains one Aeschylean play, the most famous—unless we except the _Agamemnon_—in extant Greek literature, the _Prometheus Bound_. That it was the first of a Trilogy, and that the second and third parts were called the _Prometheus Freed_, and _Prometheus the Fire-Bearer_, respectively, is accepted: but the date of... |
The _Prometheus Bound_ is conspicuous for its gigantic and strictly superhuman plot. The _Agamemnon_ is human, though legendary the _Prometheus_ presents to us the gods of Olympus in the days when mankind crept like emmets upon the earth or dwelt in caves, scorned by Zeus and the other powers of heaven, and—still aided... |
Then Prometheus partly reveals to the sea maidens his secret, and the mysterious cause of Zeus’ hatred against him—a cause which would avail to hurl the tyrant from his power. So deadly is this secret, that Zeus will, in the lapse of ages, be forced to reconcile himself with Prometheus, to escape dethronement. Finally,... |
Any spectacular representation of this finale must, it is clear, have roused intense sympathy with the Titan and the nymphs alike. If, however, the sequel-plays had survived to us, we might conceivably have found and realized another and less intolerable solution. The name _Zeus_, in Greek, like that of _God_, in Engli... |
A stupendous theological drama of which two-thirds has been lost has left an aching void, which now can never be filled, in our minds. No reader of poetry needs to be reminded of the glorious attempt of Shelley to work out a possible and worthy sequel to the _Prometheus_. Who will not echo the words of Mr. Gilbert Murr... |
But, at the end of a rather prolonged attempt to understand and translate the surviving tragedies of Aeschylus, one feels inclined to repeat the words used by a powerful critic about one of the greatest of modern poets—“For man, it is a weary way to God, but a wearier far to any demigod.” We shall not discover the full... |
E. D. A. M. THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS DEDICATION Take thou this gift from out the grave of Time. The urns of Greece lie shattered, and the cup That for Athenian lips the Muses filled, And flowery crowns that on Athenian hair Hid the cicala, freedom’s golden sign, Dust in the dust have fallen. Calmly sad, The marble dead up... |
ARGUMENT Io, the daughter of Inachus, King of Argos, was beloved of Zeus. But Hera was jealous of that love, and by her ill will was Io given over to frenzy, and her body took the semblance of a heifer: and Argus, a many-eyed herdsman, was set by Hera to watch Io whithersoever she strayed. Yet, in despite of Argus, did... |
THE SUPPLIANT MAIDENS DRAMATIS PERSONAE DANAUS. THE KING OF ARGOS. HERALD OF AEGYPTUS. _Chorus of the Daughters of Danaus. Attendants_. |
_Scene.—A sacred precinct near the gates of Argos: statue and shrines of Zeus and other deities stand around_. CHORUS. Zeus! Lord and guard of suppliant hands! Look down benign on us who crave Thine aid—whom winds and waters drave From where, through drifting shifting sands, Pours Nilus to the wave. From where the gree... |
And Danaus, our sire and guide, The king of counsel, pond’ring well The dice of fortune as they fell, Out of two griefs the kindlier chose, And bade us fly, with him beside, Heedless what winds or waves arose, And o’er the wide sea waters haste, Until to Argos’ shore at last Our wandering pinnace came— Argos, the immem... |
Mine ancestress, who far on Egypt’s shore A young cow’s semblance wore,— A maiden once, by Hera’s malice changed! And then on him withal, Who, as amid the flowers the grazing creature ranged, Was in her by a breath of Zeus conceived; And, as the hour of birth drew nigh, By fate fulfilled, unto the light he came; And Ep... |
Fleeing from kinsmen’s love unmerciful— Yea, from the clutching hands, the wanton crowd, I sped across the waves, from Egypt’s land of cloud[1] |
Gods of the ancient cradle of my race, Hear me, just gods! With righteous grace On me, on me look down! Grant not to youth its heart’s unchaste desire, But, swiftly spurning lust’s unholy fire, Bless only love and willing wedlock’s crown The war-worn fliers from the battle’s wrack Find refuge at the hallowed altar-side... |
Smitten by him, from towering hopes degraded, Mortals lie low and still Tireless and effortless, works forth its will The arm divine! God from His holy seat, in calm of unarmed power, Brings forth the deed, at its appointed hour! Let Him look down on mortal wantonness! Lo! how the youthful stock of Belus’ line Craves f... |
Ah, but if fortune smile, if death be driven away, Vowed rites, with eager haste, we to the gods will pay! Alas, alas again! O wither drift the waves? and who shall loose the pain? |
O Apian land of hill and dale, Thou kennest yet, O land, this faltered foreign wail! Have mercy, hear my prayer! Lo, how again, again, I rend and tear My woven raiment, and from off my hair Cast the Sidonian veil! |
The wafting oar, the bark with woven sail, From which the sea foamed back, Sped me, unharmed of storms, along the breeze’s track— Be it unblamed of me! But ah, the end, the end of my emprise! May He, the Father, with all-seeing eyes, Grant me that end to see! Grant that henceforth unstained as heretofore I may escape t... |
And thou, O maiden-goddess chaste and pure— Queen of the inner fane,— Look of thy grace on me, O Artemis, Thy willing suppliant—thine, thine it is, Who from the lustful onslaught fled secure, To grant that I too without stain The shelter of thy purity may gain! |
Grant that henceforth unstained as heretofore I may escape the forced embrace Of those proud children of the race That sacred Io bore! |
Yet if this may not be, We, the dark race sun-smitten, we Will speed with suppliant wands To Zeus who rules below, with hospitable hands Who welcomes all the dead from all the lands: Yea by our own hands strangled, we will go, Spurned by Olympian gods, unto the gods below! |
Zeus, hear and save! The searching, poisonous hate, that Io vexed and drave, Was of a goddess: well I know The bitter ire, the wrathful woe Of Hera, queen of heaven— A storm, a storm her breath, whereby we yet are driven! Bethink thee, what dispraise Of Zeus himself mankind will raise, If now he turn his face averted f... |
Zeus, hear and save! The searching poisonous hate, that Io vexed and drave, Was of a goddess: well I know The bitter ire, the wrathful woe Of Hera, queen of heaven— A storm, a storm her breath, whereby we yet are driven! |
DANAUS. Children, be wary—wary he with whom Ye come, your trusty sire and steersman old: And that same caution hold I here on land, And bid you hoard my words, inscribing them On memory’s tablets. Lo, I see afar Dust, voiceless herald of a host, arise; And hark, within their grinding sockets ring Axles of hurrying whee... |
CHORUS. O father, warily to us aware Thy words are spoken, and thy wisdom’s best My mind shall hoard, with Zeus our sire to aid. |
DANAUS. Even so—with gracious aspect let him aid. CHORUS. Fain were I now to seat me by thy side. DANAUS. Now dally not, but put our thought in act. |
CHORUS. Zeus, pity our distress, or e’er we die. DANAUS. If so he will, your toils to joy will turn. CHORUS. Lo, on this shrine, the semblance of a bird.[2] |
DANAUS. Zeus’ bird of dawn it is; invoke the sign. CHORUS. Thus I invoke the saving rays of morn. DANAUS. Next, bright Apollo, exiled once from heaven. |
CHORUS. The exiled god will pity our exile. DANAUS. Yea, may he pity, giving grace and aid. CHORUS. Whom next invoke I, of these other gods? |
DANAUS. Lo, here a trident, symbol of a god. CHORUS. Who[3] gave sea-safety; may he bless on land! DANAUS. This next is Hermes, carved in Grecian wise. |
CHORUS. Then let him herald help to freedom won. DANAUS. Lastly, adore this altar consecrate To many lesser gods in one; then crouch On holy ground, a flock of doves that flee, Scared by no alien hawks, a kin not kind, Hateful, and fain of love more hateful still. Foul is the bird that rends another bird, And foul the ... |
Enter the KING OF ARGOS. THE KING OF ARGOS. Speak—of what land are ye? No Grecian band Is this to whom I speak, with Eastern robes And wrappings richly dight: no Argive maid, No woman in all Greece such garb doth wear. This too gives marvel, how unto this land, Unheralded, unfriended, without guide, And without fear, y... |
CHORUS. True is the word thou spakest of my garb; But speak I unto thee as citizen, Or Hermes’ wandbearer, or chieftain king? THE KING OF ARGOS. For that, take heart and answer without fear. I am Pelasgus, ruler of this land, Child of Palaichthon, whom the earth brought forth; And, rightly named from me, the race who r... |
CHORUS. Short is my word and clear. Of Argive race We come, from her, the ox-horned maiden who Erst bare the sacred child. My word shall give Whate’er can ’stablish this my soothfast tale. |
THE KING OF ARGOS. O stranger maids, I may not trust this word, That ye have share in this our Argive race. No likeness of our country do ye bear, But semblance as of Libyan womankind. Even such a stock by Nilus’ banks might grow; Yea and the Cyprian stamp, in female forms, Shows to the life, what males impressed the s... |
CHORUS. Here in this Argive land—so runs the tale— Io was priestess once of Hera’s fane. THE KING OF ARGOS. Yea, truth it is, and far this word prevails: Is’t said that Zeus with mortal mingled love? |
CHORUS. Ay, and that Hera that embrace surmised. THE KING OF ARGOS. How issued then this strife of those on high? CHORUS. By Hera’s will, a heifer she became. |
THE KING OF ARGOS. Held Zeus aloof then from the horned beast? CHORUS. ’Tis said, he loved, in semblance of a bull. THE KING OF ARGOS. And his stern consort, did she aught thereon? |
CHORUS. One myriad-eyed she set, the heifer’s guard. THE KING OF ARGOS. How namest thou this herdsman many-eyed? CHORUS. Argus, the child of Earth, whom Hermes slew. |
THE KING OF ARGOS. Still did the goddess vex the beast ill-starred? CHORUS. She wrought a gadfly with a goading sting. THE KING OF ARGOS. Thus drave she Io hence, to roam afar? |
CHORUS. Yea—this thy word coheres exact with mine. THE KING OF ARGOS. Then to Canopus and to Memphis came she? CHORUS. And by Zeus’ hand was touched, and bare a child. |
THE KING OF ARGOS. Who vaunts him the Zeus-mated creature’s son? CHORUS. Epaphus, named rightly from the saving touch. THE KING OF ARGOS. And whom in turn did Epaphus beget?[4] |
CHORUS. Libya, with name of a wide land endowed. THE KING OF ARGOS. And who from her was born unto the race? CHORUS. Belus: from him two sons, my father one. |
THE KING OF ARGOS. Speak now to me his name, this greybeard wise. CHORUS. Revere the gods thus crowned, who steer the State. THE KING OF ARGOS. Awe thrills me, seeing these shrines with leafage crowned. |
CHORUS. Yea, stern the wrath of Zeus, the suppliants’ lord. Child of Palaichthon, royal chief Of thy Pelasgians, hear! Bow down thine heart to my relief— A fugitive, a suppliant, swift with fear, A creature whom the wild wolves chase O’er toppling crags; in piteous case Aloud, afar she lows, Calling the herdsman’s trus... |
THE KING OF ARGOS. Lo, with bowed heads beside our city shrines Ye sit ’neath shade of new-plucked olive-boughs. Our distant kin’s resentment Heaven forefend! Let not this hap, unhoped and unforeseen, Bring war on us: for strife we covet not. |
CHORUS. Justice, the daughter of right-dealing Zeus, Justice, the queen of suppliants, look down, That this our plight no ill may loose Upon your town! This word, even from the young, let age and wisdom learn: If thou to suppliants show grace, Thou shalt not lack Heaven’s grace in turn, So long as virtue’s gifts on hea... |
THE KING OF ARGOS. Not at my private hearth ye sit and sue; And if the city bear a common stain, Be it the common toil to cleanse the same: Therefore no pledge, no promise will I give, Ere counsel with the commonwealth be held. |
CHORUS. Nay, but the source of sway, the city’s self, art thou, A power unjudged! thine, only thine, To rule the right of hearth and shrine! Before thy throne and sceptre all men bow! Thou, in all causes lord, beware the curse divine! |
THE KING OF ARGOS. May that curse fall upon mine enemies! I cannot aid you without risk of scathe, Nor scorn your prayers—unmerciful it were. Perplexed, distraught I stand, and fear alike The twofold chance, to do or not to do. |
CHORUS. Have heed of him who looketh from on high, The guard of woeful mortals, whosoe’er Unto their fellows cry, And find no pity, find no justice there. Abiding in his wrath, the suppliants’ lord Doth smite, unmoved by cries, unbent by prayerful word. |
THE KING OF ARGOS. But if Aegyptus’ children grasp you here, Claiming, their country’s right, to hold you theirs As next of kin, who dares to counter this? Plead ye your country’s laws, if plead ye may, That upon you they lay no lawful hand. |
CHORUS. Let me not fall, O nevermore, A prey into the young men’s hand; Rather than wed whom I abhor, By pilot-stars I flee this land; O king, take justice to thy side, And with the righteous powers decide! |
THE KING OF ARGOS. Hard is the cause—make me not judge thereof. Already I have vowed it, to do nought Save after counsel with my people ta’en, King though I be; that ne’er in after time, If ill fate chance, my people then may say— _In aid of strangers thou the state hast slain_. |
CHORUS. Zeus, lord of kinship, rules at will The swaying balance, and surveys Evil and good; to men of ill Gives evil, and to good men praise. And thou—since true those scales do sway— Shall thou from justice shrink away? |
THE KING OF ARGOS. A deep, a saving counsel here there needs— An eye that like a diver to the depth Of dark perplexity can pass and see, Undizzied, unconfused. First must we care That to the State and to ourselves this thing Shall bring no ruin; next, that wrangling hands Shall grasp you not as prey, nor we ourselves B... |
CHORUS. Yea, counsel take and stand to aid At Justice’ side and mine. Betray not me, the timorous maid Whom far beyond the brine A godless violence cast forth forlorn. O King, wilt thou behold— Lord of this land, wilt thou behold me torn From altars manifold? Bethink thee of the young men’s wrath and lust, Hold off the... |
THE KING OF ARGOS. Yea, I have pondered: from the sea of doubt Here drives at length the bark of thought ashore; Landward with screw and windlass haled, and firm, Clamped to her props, she lies. The need is stern; With men or gods a mighty strife we strive Perforce, and either hap in grief concludes. For, if a house be... |
CHORUS. Of many cries for mercy, hear the end. THE KING OF ARGOS. Say on, then, for it shall not ’scape mine ear. CHORUS. Girdles we have, and bands that bind our robes. |
THE KING OF ARGOS. Even so; such things beseem a woman’s wear. CHORUS. Know, then, with these a fair device there is— THE KING OF ARGOS. Speak, then: what utterance doth this foretell? |
CHORUS. Unless to us thou givest pledge secure— THE KING OF ARGOS. What can thy girdles’ craft achieve for thee? CHORUS. Strange votive tablets shall these statues deck. |
THE KING OF ARGOS. Mysterious thy resolve—avow it clear. CHORUS. Swiftly to hang me on these sculptured gods! THE KING OF ARGOS. Thy word is as a lash to urge my heart. |
CHORUS. Thou seest truth, for I have cleared thine eye THE KING OF ARGOS. Yea, and woes manifold, invincible, A crowd of ills, sweep on me torrent-like. My bark goes forth upon a sea of troubles Unfathomed, ill to traverse, harbourless. For if my deed shall match not your demand, Dire, beyond shot of speech, shall be t... |
DANAUS. To us, beyond gifts manifold it is To find a champion thus compassionate; Yet send with me attendants, of thy folk, Rightly to guide me, that I duly find Each altar of your city’s gods that stands Before the fane, each dedicated shrine; And that in safety through the city’s ways I may pass onwards: all unlike t... |
THE KING OF ARGOS. Go at his side, attendants,—he saith well. On to the city’s consecrated shrines! Nor be of many words to those ye meet, The while this suppliant voyager ye lead. |
[_Exit DANAUS with attendants._] CHORUS. Let him go forward, thy command obeying. But me how biddest, how assurest thou? THE KING OF ARGOS. Leave there the new-plucked boughs, thy sorrow’s sign. |
CHORUS. Thus beckoned forth, at thy behest I leave them. THE KING OF ARGOS. Now to this level precinct turn thyself. CHORUS. Unconsecrate it is, and cannot shield me. |
THE KING OF ARGOS. We will not yield thee to those falcons’ greed. CHORUS. What help? more fierce they are than serpents fell. THE KING OF ARGOS. We spake thee fair—speak thou them fair in turn. |
CHORUS. What marvel that we loathe them, scared in soul? THE KING OF ARGOS. Awe towards a king should other fears transcend. CHORUS. Thus speak, thus act, and reassure my mind. |
THE KING OF ARGOS. Not long thy sire shall leave thee desolate. But I will call the country’s indwellers, And with soft words th’ assembly will persuade, And warn your sire what pleadings will avail. Therefore abide ye, and with prayer entreat The country’s gods to compass your desire; The while I go, this matter to pr... |
[_Exit the KING OF ARGOS._] CHORUS. O King of Kings, among the blest Thou highest and thou happiest, Listen and grant our prayer, And, deeply loathing, thrust Away from us the young men’s lust, And deeply drown In azure waters, down and ever down, Benches and rowers dark, The fatal and perfidious bark! Unto the maidens... |
Zeus, lord of time eterne. Yea, by his breath divine, by his unscathing strength, She lays aside her bane, And softened back to womanhood at length Sheds human tears again. Then, quickened with Zeus’ veritable seed, A progeny she bare, A stainless babe, a child of heavenly breed. Of life and fortune fair. _His is the l... |
Yea, all from Zeus befell! And rightly wouldst thou tell That we from Epaphus, his child, were born: Justly his deed was done; Unto what other one, Of all the gods, should I for justice turn? From him our race did spring; Creator he and King, Ancient of days and wisdom he, and might. As bark before the wind, So, wafted... |
Re-enter DANAUS. DANAUS. Take heart, my children: the land’s heart is kind, And to full issue has their voting come. CHORUS. All hail, my sire; thy word brings utmost joy. Say, to what issue is the vote made sure, And how prevailed the people’s crowding hands? |
DANAUS. With one assent the Argives spake their will, And, hearing, my old heart took youthful cheer, The very sky was thrilled when high in air The concourse raised right hands and swore their oath:— _Free shall the maidens sojourn in this land. Unharried, undespoiled by mortal wight: No native hand, no hand of foreig... |
CHORUS. Arouse we now to chant our prayer For fair return of service fair And Argos’ kindly will. Zeus, lord of guestright, look upon The grace our stranger lips have won. In right and truth, as they begun, Guide them, with favouring hand, until Thou dost their blameless wish fulfil! |
Now may the Zeus-born gods on high Hear us pour forth A votive prayer for Argos’ clan!— Never may this Pelasgian earth, Amid the fire-wrack, shrill the dismal cry On Ares, ravening lord of fight, Who in an alien harvest mows down man! For lo, this land had pity on our plight, And unto us were merciful and leal, To us, ... |
Th’ unearthly watching fiend invincible, The foul avenger—let him not draw near! For he, on roofs ill-starred, Defiling and polluting, keeps a ghastly ward! They knew his vengeance, and took holy heed To us, the sister suppliants, who cry To Zeus, the lord of purity: Therefore with altars pure they shall the gods rever... |
Thus, through the boughs that shade our lips, fly forth in air, Fly forth, O eager prayer! May never pestilence efface This city’s race, Nor be the land with corpses strewed, Nor stained with civic blood! The stem of youth, unpluckt, to manhood come, Nor Ares rise from Aphrodité’s bower, The lord of death and bane, to ... |
DANAUS. Dear children, well and wisely have ye prayed; I bid you now not shudder, though ye hear New and alarming tidings from your sire. From this high place beside the suppliants’ shrine The bark of our pursuers I behold, By divers tokens recognized too well. Lo, the spread canvas and the hides that screen The gunwal... |
CHORUS. Ah but I shudder, father!—ah, even now, Even as I speak, the swift-winged ships draw nigh! I shudder, I shiver, I perish with fear: Overseas though I fled, Yet nought it avails; my pursuers are near! |
DANAUS. Children, take heart; they who decreed to aid Thy cause will arm for battle, well I ween. CHORUS. But desperate is Aegyptus’ ravening race, With fight unsated; thou too know’st it well. |
In their wrath they o’ertake us; the prow is deep-dark In the which they have sped, And dark is the bench and the crew of the bark! |
DANAUS. Yea but a crew as stout they here shall find, And arms well steeled beneath a noon-day sun. CHORUS. Ah yet, O father, leave us not forlorn! Alone, a maid is nought, a strengthless arm. With guile they pursue me, with counsel malign, And unholy their soul; And as ravens they seize me, unheeding the shrine! |
DANAUS. Fair will befall us, children, in this chance, If thus in wrath they wrong the gods and you. CHORUS. Alas, nor tridents nor the sanctity Of shrines will drive them, O my sire, from us! |
Unholy and daring and cursed is their ire, Nor own they control Of the gods, but like jackals they glut their desire! DANAUS. Ay, but _Come wolf, flee jackal_, saith the saw; Nor can the flax-plant overbear the corn. |
CHORUS. Lustful, accursèd, monstrous is their will As of beasts ravening—’ware we of their power! DANAUS. Look you, not swiftly puts a fleet to sea, Nor swiftly to its moorings; long it is Or e’er the saving cables to the shore Are borne, and long or e’er the steersmen cry, _The good ship swings at anchor—all is well_.... |
[_Exit DANAUS._] CHORUS. O land of hill and dale, O holy land, What shall befall us? whither shall we flee, From Apian land to some dark lair of earth? |
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